Electoral Campaigns in UK Law

Some consideration was given during argument to the standard of proof required to establish a breach of the subsection. If a person is found guilty of a corrupt practice under section 115 he is liable to be prosecuted on indictment. Furthermore he may be the subject of severe electoral disqualifications under section 160(4). If there is a prosecution there is no doubt that the case must be proved to the criminal standard of proof.

Electoral law has always drawn the concept of agency very widely. In the days when those standing for election (particularly to Parliament) would be members of the upper classes, it was not supposed that they would do their own electioneering. It was taken for granted that others would carry out the hard work of persuading voters. In an era before political parties were professionally organised, the candidate would collect a body of dedicated supporters who would campaign on his behalf.

Generally speaking, public bodies should be kept to their promises. A public body should not be permitted to resile from a legitimate expectation which it has created in the minds of those members of the public to whom the undertaking which gave rise to the expectation was addressed, or who were affected by the practice which confirmed that expectation, and from which it would be an abuse of the process to resile.

Mr Gough was directly involved in the decision to make the application under rule 47. Mr Field told him that he agreed to the application being made if it could properly be done. The question which Mr Gough had to decide was whether, in the circumstances which had arisen, it was permissible to apply under rule 47. It appears to me that this question had a number of aspects to it: did rule 47 apply where the votes which needed to be counted were themselves uncounted votes?

2. If the election was so conducted that it was substantially in accordance with the law as to elections, it is not vitiated by a breach of the rules or a mistake at the polls - provided that it did not affect the result of the election. That is shown by the Islington case where fourteen ballot papers were issued after 8 p.m.

The reality is that Councillors must be trusted to abide by the rules which the law lays down, namely that, whatever their views, they must approach their decision-making with an open mind in the sense that they must have regard to all material considerations and be prepared to change their views if persuaded that they should.

In a society based upon the rule of law and the separation of powers, it is necessary to decide which branch of government has in any particular instance the decision-making power and what the legal limits of that power are. That is a question of law and must therefore be decided by the courts.