Negotiable Instruments in UK Law
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Westminster Bank Ltd v Hilton
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It is well established that the normal relation between a banker and his customer is that of debtor and creditor, but it is equally well established that quoad the drawing and payment of the customer's cheques as against money of the customer's in the banker's hands the relation is that of principal and agent. The cheque is an order of the principal addressed to the agent to pay out of the principal's money in the agent's hands the amount of the cheque to the payee thereof.
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Marfani & Company Ltd v Midland Bank Ltd
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But such is the common law of England, and one of the consequences of the historic origin of the tort of conversion and its application to negotiable instruments as "goods" is that the tort at common law is one of strict liability in which the moral concept of fault in the sense of either knowledge by the doer of an act that it is likely to cause injury, loss ordamage to another, or lack of reasonable care to avoid causing injury, loss or damage to another, plays no part.
At common law one's duty to one's neighbour who is the owner, or entitled to possession, of any goods is to refrain from doing any voluntary act in relation to his goods which is a usurpation of his proprietary or possessory rights in them.
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R v Page (Note)
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(1) That the drawer has an account with that bank; (2) That he has authority to draw on it for that amount; (3) That the cheque, as drawn, is a valid order for the payment of that amount (i.e. that the present state of affairs is such that, in the ordinary course of events, the cheque will on its future presentment be duly honoured).
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R v Charles
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On the back is written the following: "The issuing Banks undertake that any cheque not exceeding £30 will be honoured subject to the following conditions: a. The signature on the cheque must correspond with the specimen signature on this card. The cheque must be drawn on a bank cheque form bearing the code number shown on this card." The cheque must be drawn before the expiry date of this card. The card number must be written on the reverse of the cheque by the payee."
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R v Kohn
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For purposes of this case it seems to us that that sufficiently constitutes a debt within the meaning of the word as explained by Lord Reid. It is a right of property which can properly be described as a thing in action and therefore potentially a subject of theft under the provisions of the 1968 Act. The cheque is the means by which the theft of this property is achieved. The completion of the theft does not take place until the transaction has gone through to completion.
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R v Kovacs
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Section 16(1) does not provide either expressly or by implication that the person deceived must suffer any loss arising from the deception. What does have to be proved is that the accused by deception obtained for himself or another a pecuniary advantage. What there must be is a causal connection between the deception used and the pecuniary advantage obtained.
- The Trading with the Enemy (Transfer of Negotiable Instruments, etc.) (Revocation) Order 2012
- Consumer Credit (Negotiable Instruments) (Exemption) Order 1984
- Trading with the Enemy (Transfer of Negotiable Instruments, etc.) (Germany) Order, 1949
- Trading with the Enemy (Transfer of Negotiable Instruments, etc.) (Germany) Order, 1952
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Advance fee fraud: the big lie
Negotiable instruments by means of which large sums of money are transferred between banks have long been a source of fascination to the more sophisticated fraudsman. Careful study of the instrumen...... ... ABSTRACT Negotiable instruments by means of which large sums of money are transferred between ... ...
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REVIEWS
Book reviewed in this article: Cases and Materials on Family Law. By Peter Seago and Alastair Bissett‐Johnson. The Law of Habeas Corpus. By R. J. Sharpe. Industrial Relations and the Limits of Law....... ... BRIAN HARVEY. INTRODUCTION TO NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS. By 0. MCLOUGHLIN. [Butterworths. 1975. 202 pp ... ...
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Dead fish across the trail: illustrations of money laundering methods
Uses examples from US case law to illustrate how money laundering has been attempted in the past. Details a large number of specific methods: cash couriers, cash conversion, safe deposit facilities...... ... NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTSIn United States v Gwiazdzinski128the defendant, alawyer, ... subsequently delivered $75,000 worthof negotiable instruments to the undercover agent.In United States v Genao129Genao operated ... ...
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Reviews
Trial by Jury. By The Hon. Sir Patrick Devlin. Roman Foundations of Modern Law. By H. F. Jolowicz The Code Napoléon and the Common Law Would. Editor, Bernard Schwartz. A History of English Law. By ...... ... WALTER RAEBURN. THE HISTORY OF NEQOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS IN ENGLISH LAW. By J. ~(IILNEs HOLDEN. [University of London: ... have made all crossed cheques payable to order non-negotiable : “business men would soon have learnt the elementary ... ...
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LCs, demand guarantees, negotiable instruments and COVID-19
Key points - Under English law, in the current circumstances, or if the current situation significantly deteriorates...
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New ICC Rules For Forfaiting
... ... trade finance which originally simply involved the purchase of negotiable instruments on a non-recourse basis. It was primarily used to finance ... ...
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Further Reference To CJEU On Card Handling Charges
... ... deposit and current account payments, checks, and other negotiable instruments in the Council Directive 2006/112/EC ... The Tribunal found ... ...
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Are Cryptoassets Property Under English Law?
... ... paper focuses on the legal characterization of these instruments themselves. In this article, we consider how cryptoassets can be defined ... It is possible to acquire good title to a negotiable instrument from a thief!5 This is the feature that allows transactions in ... ...