Incorporeal rights

AuthorChristopher Jessel
Pages127-153
"
"
Ejcrvgt":"
Kpeqtrqtgcn"Tkijvu"
:03" GCUGOGPVU"CPF"RTQHKVU"
Ugtxkvwfgu"ctg"iqxgtpgf"d{"vjg"eqooqp"ncy"oqfkhkgf"d{"uvcvwvg="Etqyp"ncpf"ecp"
jcxg"vjg"dgpghkv"qh"qt"dg"uwdlgev"vq"vjgo"kp"vjg"ucog"yc{"cu"rtkxcvg"ncpf0"Vjgtg"
ctg" c" hgy" urgekcn" twngu" eqpegtpkpi" ceswkukvkqp" cpf" gzvkpevkqp" pqvcdn{" qp"
eqorwnuqt{"rwtejcug."uqog"rctvkewnct"vq"vjg"Etqyp"cpf"qvjgtu"ujctgf"ykvj"nqecn"
cwvjqtkvkgu0"
:0303" Tkijvu"dgpghkvkpi"Etqyp"ncpf"
Yjgtg"vjg"Etqyp"ceswktgu"rctv"qh"c"ugnngtÓu"ncpf"cp{"gzkuvkpi"dgpghkvkpi"tkijvu"
yknn"rcuu0"Kh"kv"pggfu"pgy"tkijvu"qxgt"vjg"tgvckpgf"ncpf"vjg"ugnngt"oc{"ocmg"cp"
gzrtguu"itcpv"kp"vjg"wuwcn"yc{0"Kh"vjg"rwtejcug"ku"d{"citggogpv."gxgp"kh"wpfgt"vjg"
vjtgcv"qh" eqorwnukqp." vjgp" cp{" tkijvu" qxgt" vjg" tgvckpgf" ncpf" yjkej" dgpghkv" vjg"
rtqrgtv{"dgkpi"dqwijv"cpf"yjkej"yqwnf"dg"kornkgf"wpfgt"vjg"twng"kp"Wheeldon v
Burrows3"qt"wpfgt"vjg"Ncy"qh"Rtqrgtv{"Cev"3;47."u"84"yknn"dg"ecttkgf"ykvj"kv0"
Gswcnn{."vjg"Etqyp"ecp"ceswktg"tkijvu"qxgt"pgkijdqwtkpi"ncpf"d{"gzrtguu"itcpv"qt"
wpfgt"vjg"Rtguetkrvkqp"Cev"3:54"qt"d{"c"nquv"oqfgtp"itcpv0"
Qp"eqorwnuqt{"rwtejcug."yjgtg"uvcvwvqt{"rqygtu"jcxg"cevwcnn{"vq"dg"gzgtekugf"
cu"d{"c"xguvkpi"fgenctcvkqp."tkijvu"oc{"pqv"dg"cxckncdng."fgrgpfkpi"kp"rctv"qp"yjcv"
jcu"qeewttgf"kp"vjg"rcuv0"Kp"Sovmots Investments Ltd v Secretary of State for the
Environment4"c"nqecn"cwvjqtkv{"ocfg"c"eqorwnuqt{"rwtejcug"qtfgt"qxgt"c"dnqem"
qh"ockuqpgvvgu"yjkej"jcf"dggp"dwknv"dwv"pgxgt"qeewrkgf"kpenwfkpi"vjg"eqttkfqtu"
cpf"uvcktecugu0"Vjg"Jqwug"qh"Nqtfu"jgnf"vjcv"kpekfgpvcn"tkijvu"kpenwfkpi"c"tkijv"qh"
uwrrqtv"htqo"vjg"uvtwevwtg"dgnqy"cpf"tkijv"qh"rcuucig"hqt"ycvgt."uqkn."gngevtkekv{."
icu"cpf"qvjgt"ugtxkegu"vjtqwij"rkrgu"yjkej"ugtxgf"vjg"ockuqpgvvgu"eqwnf"pqv"dg"
"
3" *3:9;+"34"EjF"53."EC0"
4" ]3;9;̲"CE"3660"
34:" Crown and Government Land"
"
kornkgf0"Kp"vjg"ecug"qh"c"encko"wpfgt"Wheeldon v Burrows5"vjcv"ycu"dgecwug"uwej"
tkijvu" tgncvg" qpn{" vq" c" eqpugpuwcn" fgcn" cpf" vjg" qdnkicvkqp" qh" c"itcpvqt" pqv" vq"
fgtqicvg"htqo"jku"itcpv0"Kp"tgncvkqp"vq"u"84"kv"ycu"dgecwug."qp"vjg"hcevu"qh"vjg"ecug."
vjg"wpqeewrkgf"hncvu"jcf"pgxgt"cevwcnn{"dgpghkvgf"htqo"vjg"enckogf"gcugogpvu0"
Vjku"eqpenwukqp"yqwnf"crrn{"gswcnn{"vq"c"fgrctvogpvcn"ceswkukvkqp0"C"eqorwnuqt{"
rwtejcug"qtfgt"vjgtghqtg"pggfu"vq"urgekh{"gzcevn{"yjcv"tkijvu"ctg"vq"dg"ceswktgf0"
Vjg" Nqecn" Iqxgtpogpv" *Okuegnncpgqwu" Rtqxkukqpu+" Cev" 3;98." u" 35" cnnqyu" c"
Okpkuvgt"qh"vjg"Etqyp"vq"cwvjqtkug"c"nqecn"cwvjqtkv{"vq"ceswktg"tkijvu"qxgt"ncpf"
cpf"fqgu"pqv"gzvgpf"vq"vjg"Etqyp"kvugnh0"
Vjg"Oknkvct{" Ncpfu" Cev" 3:;4"cwvjqtkugu" vjg" ceswkukvkqp" qh" ncpf" hqt" vjg" ctogf"
hqtegu"d{"eqorwnuqt{"rwtejcug"cpf"u"45"tgcfu
Kp"vjku"Cev"cpf"vjg"gpcevogpvu"kpeqtrqtcvgf"vjgtgykvj"vjg"gzrtguukqp"ÒncpfÓ"
kpenwfgu"cp{"gcugogpv"kp"qt"qxgt"ncpfu."cpf"hqt"vjg"rwtrqug"qh"Rctv"Qpg"qh"vjku"
Cev"kpenwfgu"cp{"tkijv"qh"hktkpi"qxgt"ncpfu"qt"qvjgt"tkijv"qh"wugt0"
"
Vjcv"ku"gzvgpfgf"d{"vjg"Oknkvct{"Ncpfu"Cev"3;22."u"5
Ugevkqp"vygpv{/vjtgg"qh"vjg"Oknkvct{"Ncpfu"Cev."3:;4."ujcnn"jcxg"ghhgev"cu"kh"
vjg"fghkpkvkqp"qh"ÒncpfÓ"kp"vjcv"ugevkqp"kpenwfgf"vjg"dgf"qh"vjg"ugc"qt"cp{"vkfcn"
ycvgt."cpf"cnuq"cp{"tkijv"qh"kpvgthgtgpeg"ykvj"vjg"htgg"wug"qh"cp{"ncpf."cpf"vjg"
Oknkvct{" Ncpfu" Cev." 3:;4" È" cogpfgf" d{" vjku" Cev." ujcnn" dg" eqpuvtwgf"
ceeqtfkpin{0"
:0304" Dwtfgp"qh"gzkuvkpi"tkijvu"
Kh"vjg"Etqyp"ceswktgu"d{"citggogpv"ncpf"yjkej"ku"uwdlgev"vq"uwdukuvkpi"gcugogpvu"
vjg"tkijvu"qh"vjg"fqokpcpv"qypgt"yknn"pqv"dg"chhgevgf"d{"vjg"ejcpig"qh"qypgtujkr"
qh"vjg"ugtxkgpv"ncpf0"Kh"*nkmg"qvjgt"dqfkgu"ykvj"uvcvwvqt{"rqygtu+"kv"ceswktgu"ncpf"
d{"eqorwnuqt{"rwtejcug."cp{"gcugogpvu"qt"rtqhkvu"yjkej"dqwpf"kv"kp"vjg"jcpfu"qh"
vjg"hqtogt"qypgt"tgockp"kp"gzkuvgpeg0"Vjg"tkijvu"qh"vjktf"rctvkgu"ctg"pqv"chhgevgf0"
Kh" vjg" ceswktkpi" cwvjqtkv{"ykujgu" vq" jcxg"vjgo" tgoqxgf" kv" owuv" fgcn"ykvj"vjg"
fqokpcpv" qypgt" cpf" rc{" eqorgpucvkqp"kp" vjg" wuwcn" yc{0" Jqygxgt" vjg{" oc{"
dgeqog"kpqrgtcvkxg0"Vjg"Jqwukpi"cpf"Rncppkpi"Cev"4238."u"425"rtqxkfgu"vjcv"cp"
cwvjqtkv{" gzgtekukpi" eqorwnuqt{" rqygtu" oc{" ectt{" qwv" egtvckp" dwknfkpi" qt"
ockpvgpcpeg"yqtm"gxgp"kh"kv"kpxqnxgu"kpvgthgtkpi"ykvj"c"Òtgngxcpv"tkijv"qt"kpvgtguvÓ."
fghkpgf"cu"ogcpkpi"cp{"gcugogpv."nkdgtv{."rtkxkngig."tkijv"qt"cfxcpvcig"cppgzgf"
vq"ncpf"cpf"cfxgtugn{"chhgevkpi"qvjgt"ncpf."kpenwfkpi"cp{"pcvwtcn"tkijv"vq"uwrrqtv0"
"
5" *3:9;+"34"EjF"53."EC0"
"Incorporeal Rights" 34;"
"
Vjku"fqgu"pqv"d{"kvugnh"gzvkpiwkuj"vjg"tkijvu"dwv."kh"vjg{"ecp"pqv"dg"gzgtekugf."vjg{"
dgeqog"wugnguu."cv"ngcuv"uq"nqpi"cu"vjg"dwknfkpi"tgockpu0"
:0305" Dwtfgp"qh"pgy"tkijvu"
Cu" vjg" Etqyp" Ncpfu" Cev" 3924" rtqjkdkvgf" cp{" itcpvu" qh" jgtgfkvcogpvu."c" pgy"
gzrtguu"itcpv"qxgt"Etqyp"ncpf"pggfu"vq"dg"cwvjqtkugf"d{"uvcvwvg0"Vjcv"ku"cnuq"vjg"
ecug"hqt"cp"kornkgf"itcpv"wpfgt"vjg"twng"kp"Wheeldon v Burrows06"Oquv"Etqyp"
dqfkgu"jcxg"rqygt"vq"ocmg"vjg"pgeguuct{"itcpv"dwv"kv"pggfu"vq"dg"ejgemgf0"Vjg"
Ncy"qh"Rtqrgtv{"Cev"3;47"dkpfu"vjg"Etqyp"uq"u"84"ecp"korn{"gcugogpvu0"
Vjg"Rtguetkrvkqp"Cev"3:54."u"3"yjkej"rtqxkfgu"hqt"rtqhkvu"c"rtgpftg"cpf"u"4"yjkej"
tgncvgu"vq"gcugogpvu"dqvj"dkpf"Òcp{"ncpf"qh"qwt"nqtf"vjg"Mkpi."qt"cp{"ncpf"dgkpi"
rctegn"qh"vjg"Fwej{"qh"Ncpecuvgt"qt"qh"vjg"Fwej{"qh"EqtpycnnÓ"gxgp"dghqtg"vjg{"
gzvgpf"vq"vjg"rtqrgtv{"qh"cp{"Ògeengukcuvkecn"qt"nc{"rgtuqp."qt"dqf{"eqtrqtcvgÓ07"
ÒNcpf"qh"qwt"nqtf"vjg"MkpiÓ"kpenwfgu"ncpf"jgnf"kp"vtwuv"hqt"vjg"iqxgtpogpv"*ugg
Perry v Eames8fkuewuugf"kp"320404+"cpf"vjgtghqtg"cnuq"ncpf"xguvgf"kp"c"ugetgvct{"
qh"uvcvg0"Ugevkqp"4"cnuq"kpenwfgu"Òqt"ycvgtÓ"yjkej"ku"pqv"kp"u"3"uq"c"rtqhkv"qh"hkujgt{"
eqwnf"pqv"dg"rtguetkdgf"kp"c"Etqyp"tkxgt"qt"ncmg0"Vjg"Kpvgtrtgvcvkqp"Cev"3;9:."Uej"
3"fghkpgu"ncpf"cu"kpenwfkpi"ncpf"eqxgtgf"d{"ycvgt"dwv"kv"fqgu"pqv"crrn{"vq"uvcvwvgu"
gpcevgf"dghqtg"kv"ycu"rcuugf"wpnguu"gzvgpfgf"d{"Uej"40"
Vjg"3:54"Cev."u"5"qp"tkijvu"qh"nkijv"fqgu"pqv"dkpf"vjg"Etqyp"*ugg Perry v Eames9+0"
Vjcv"ku"eqphktogf"d{"vjg"Tkijvu"qh"Nkijv"Cev"3;7;."u"6*4+"dwv"qvjgtykug"vjg"3;7;"
Cev"crrnkgu"uq"vjcv"cp"qypgt"qh"cflqkpkpi"ncpf"yqwnf"dg"cdng"vq"tgikuvgt"c"pqvkeg"
vq"rtgxgpv"c"Etqyp"pgkijdqwt"ceswktkpi"tkijvu0"
Wpfqewogpvgf"gcugogpvu"ecp"gzkuv"cv"eqooqp"ncy"kh"vjg{"rtg/fcvg"33:;:"cpf"
uwej"tkijvu"yqwnf"dkpf"vjg"Etqyp0"Vjg"rqukvkqp"qp"nquv"oqfgtp"itcpvu"ku"nguu"engct0"
Vjg"ecugu"ekvgf"kp"Gale on Easements;"tgncvg"vq"htcpejkugu"yjkej."cu"fkuewuugf"kp"
:07."tgn{"qp"rtguwogf"nquv"cpekgpv"itcpvu0"Wheaton v Maple & Co32eqpegtpgf"c"
encko"vq"c"tkijv"qh"nkijv"hqt"c"dwknfkpi"eqpuvtwevgf"kp"3:74"yjgtg"vjg"encko"ycu"
dcugf"rctvn{" qp" nquv" oqfgtp" itcpv0" Cv" hktuv" kpuvcpeg" Mgmgykej" L" gzrtguugf" vjg"
xkgy"ÒVjcv"kp"c"rtqrgt"ecug"c"nquv"itcpv"oc{"dg"rtguwogf"cickpuv"vjg"Etqyp"ku"
"
6" *3:9;+"34"EjF"53."EC0"
7" Ò]Q̲wt"uckf"nqtfÓ"tghgtu"dcem"vq"u"3"yjkej"tgncvgu"vq"tkijv"qh"eqooqp"dwv"vjcv"ku"pq"nqpigt"ghhgevkxg"
d{"tgcuqp"qh"vjg"Eqooqpu"Cev"4228."u"8*3+0"
8" ]3:;3̲"3"Ej"87:0"
9" ]3:;3̲"3"Ej"87:0"
:"Dalton v Henry Angus & Co"*3::3+"8"Crr"Ecu"962"cv":320"
;"Gale On Easements"*Nqpfqpv"gfp."4242+"cv"rctc"60390"
32" ]3:;5̲"5"Ej"6:"cv"730""
352" Crown and Government Land"
"
guvcdnkujgf" d{" Goodman v Mayor of Saltash33Ó0" Vjcv" ecug" cevwcnn{" eqpegtpgf"
enckou"vq"htcpejkugu"qh"eqtrqtcvg"uvcvwu"cpf"c"ugxgtcn"hkujgt{"pqv"vq"cp"gcugogpv0"
Jqygxgt"jg"ygpv"qp"vq"uc{<34"
qpg"owuv"tgictf."K"vjkpm."vjku"ektewouvcpeg."vjcv"vjg"Eqookuukqpgtu"qh"Yqqfu"
cpf"Hqtguvu."cevkpi"wpfgt"uvcvwvqt{"rqygtu."cev"kp"c"hqtocn"yc{."cpf"vjcv"yjcv"
vjg{"fq"ku"ocvvgt"qh"tgeqtf="uq"vjcv."kh"vjgtg"jcf"dggp"cp{"itcpv"qh"vjku"mkpf."kv"
yqwnf." pq" fqwdv." jcxg" dggp" tgeqtfgf0" Fgcnkpi" ykvj" rgtuqpu" nkmg" vjg"
Eqookuukqpgtu"qh"Yqqfu"cpf"Hqtguvu."K"vjkpm"kv"yqwnf"dg"ytqpi"vq"iq"kp"vjg"
vggvj"qh"yjcv"qpg"ku"cyctg"ku"vjg"rtcevkeg"qh"vjku"dqf{."cpf"rtguwog"c"itcpv0"
"
Vjg"Eqwtv"qh"Crrgcn"wrjgnf"vjg"lwfig"qp"vjg"itqwpfu"qh"vjg"fkhhgtgpeg"kp"yqtfkpi"
dgvyggp"u"4"cpf"u"5"dwv"Nqrgu"L"uckf<35"
vq"rtguwog"c"nquv"itcpv"ocfg"d{"vjg"Etqyp."qt"vjg"nguuggu"qh"vjg"Etqyp."ukpeg"
3:74"cpf"nquv."yqwnf"dg"qxgtvczkpi"vjg"etgfwnkv{"qh"vjg"oquv"etgfwnqwu."cpf"
yqwnf" dg" ocmkpi" c" fgocpf" vqq" gzvtcxcicpv"gxgp" hqt" vjg" gncuvkekv{" qh" vjku"
rcvkgpv"cpf"ceeqooqfcvkpi"hkevkqp0"
"
Kp" Somersetshire Drainage Commissioners v Bridgwater Corporation36"vjg"
eqtrqtcvkqp"jcf"c"tkijv"vq"fkuejctig"ugycig"kpvq"c"vkfcn"tkxgt0"Vjg"Eqwtv"qh"Crrgcn"
dcugf"vjku"qp"ewuvqo"dwv"kp"vjg"Jqwug"qh"Nqtfu"Nqtf"Fcxg{"eqpukfgtgf37"vjcv"kv"
ycu"dgvvgt"uggp"cu"fgtkxgf"htqo"c"nquv"itcpv"htqo"vjg"Etqyp0"ÒKv"ku"qh"vjg"pcvwtg"
qh" c" htcpejkug" gcugogpv" kp" itquu." qt" rgtrgvwcn" nkegpeg" gzgtekucdng" qxgt" vjg"
hqtgujqtg"cpf"dgf"qh"vjg"tkxgtÓ0"Kp"Housden v The Conservators of Wimbledon
and Putney Commons38"vjg"Eqwtv"qh"Crrgcn"jgnf."eqpuvtwkpi"vjg"Ykodngfqp"("
Rwvpg{" Eqooqpu" Cev" 3:93." vjcv." fgurkvg" cp" cduqnwvg" uvcvwvqt{" rtqjkdkvkqp" qp"
fkurqucn"qh"ncpf"vjg"Eqpugtxcvqtu"fkf"jcxg"rqygt."kp"vjg"eqpvgzv"qh"vjcv"Cev."vq"
itcpv"cp"gcugogpv"qh"yc{0"Owoogt{"NL"ygpv"qp"vq"uc{."obiter"dwv"kp"c"ectghwnn{"
yqtfgf"lwfiogpv."vjcv"crctv"htqo"vjcv"eqpvgzv"vjgtg"yqwnf"jcxg"dggp"pq"rnceg"hqt"
vjg"tgeqipkvkqp"qh"c"nquv"oqfgtp"itcpv0"Vjqug"tgoctmu"yqwnf"crrn{"gswcnn{"vq"c"
enckogf"Etqyp"itcpv0"
"
33" *Hqqvpqvg"32"kp"qtkikpcn+"*3::4+"9"Crr"Ecu"8550
34" ]3:;5̲"5"Ej"6:"cv"78."jku"xkgy"dgkpi"eqphktogf"qp"crrgcn"d{"CN"Uokvj"NL"cv"8;0"
35" ]3:;5̲"5"Ej"6:"cv"890"
36" *3:;;+":3"NV"94;0"
37" *3:;;+":3"NV"94;"cv"9540"
38" ]422:̲"GYEC"Ekx"422."]422:̲"3"YNT"33940"
"Incorporeal Rights" 353"
"
:04" EQXGPCPVU"CPF"RQYGTU"QH"GPVT["
:0403" Dgpghkv"qh"eqxgpcpvu"
Vjg"Etqyp"ecp"vcmg"vjg"dgpghkv"qh"eqxgpcpvu"ikxgp"d{"c"rwtejcugt"qt"itcpvgg"cpf"
vjcv"ku"qhvgp"fqpg"qp"ucngu"cpf"itcvwkvqwu"itcpvu0"Egtvckp"eqxgpcpvu"ctg"rtgugtxgf"
d{"vjg"Ncy"qh"Rtqrgtv{"Cev"3;44."u"359*3+"yjkej"dgpghkv"cp{"ocpqtu"xguvgf"qp""
3"Lcpwct{"3;48"kp"vjg"Etqyp"qt"vjg"Fwej{"qh"Ncpecuvgt"yjgtg"hqtogt"eqr{jqnf"
ncpf"gkvjgt"koogfkcvgn{"cflqkpu"qt"ku"ugrctcvgf"qpn{"d{"c"tqcf"qt"dqwpfct{"ycnn"
htqo"cp{"tq{cn"rctm"qt"ictfgp"*407+0"
Vjg" OqF" jcu" uqog" rtkxkngigu" kp" korqukpi" eqxgpcpvu0" Vjg" Fghgpeg" Cevu"
Cogpfogpv"Cev"3:95."u"339"icxg"rqygt"vjcv
Vjg"Ugetgvct{"qh"Uvcvg"hqt"Fghgpeg"oc{."htqo"vkog"vq"vkog"cu"jg"oc{"fggo"kv"
gzrgfkgpv."ugnn"cp{"ncpfu"xguvgf"kp"jko"qt"wpfgt"jku"eqpvtqn"cu"uwej"Ugetgvct{"
qh" Uvcvg" cu" chqtguckf." uwdlgev" vq" vjg" eqpfkvkqp"vjcv" uwej" ncpfu" ctg" hqt" gxgt"
vjgtgchvgt"vq"dg"mgrv"htgg"htqo"dwknfkpiu"cpf"qvjgt"qduvtwevkqpu0"Yjgtg"cp{"
ncpfu" ctg" uqnf" uwdlgev" vq" uwej" eqpfkvkqpu" cu" chqtguckf." vjg" hqnnqykpi"
eqpugswgpegu"ujcnn"gpuwg
"
"Uwej"eqpfkvkqp" cu" chqtguckf" ujcnn" dg" fggogf" vq" cvvcej" hqt" gxgt"vq"cp{"
ncpfu"uq"uqnf."cpf"pq"dwknfkpi"qt"qvjgt"uvtwevwtg."qvjgt"vjcp"dctpu."jqxgnu."
qt"qvjgt"nkmg"uvtwevwtgu"qh"yqqf."ujcnn"cv"cp{"vkog"dg"ocfg"qt"gtgevgf"qp"
cp{"ncpfu"uwdlgev"vq"uwej"eqpfkvkqp"cu"chqtguckf
"
cpf"vjgtg"ku"rqygt"vq"gpvgt"vjg"ncpf"uqnf"vq"fgoqnkuj"dwknfkpiu"cpf"wrtqqv"vtggu"vq"
rtgugtxg"kvu"pcvwtg0"Cnvjqwij"kp"vjg"pcvwtg"qh"c"tguvtkevkxg"eqxgpcpv"vjku"fqgu"pqv"
uggo"vq"dg"uwdlgev"vq"vjg"pqtocn"twng"vjcv"vjg"fqokpcpv"qypgt"owuv"tgvckp"ncpf"
pgctd{"ecrcdng"qh"dgpghkvkpi0"
Wpfgt"vjg"Ncy"qh"Rtqrgtv{"Cev"3;47."uu":6*33+"cpf"*33C+"vjg"rqygt"vq"oqfkh{"
qt" fkuejctig" tguvtkevkxg" eqxgpcpvu" fqgu" pqv" crrn{" vq" vjqug" korqugf" hqt" vjg"
rtqvgevkqp"qh"cp{"tq{cn"rctm"qt"ictfgp"qt"hqt"pcxcn."oknkvct{"qt"ckt"hqteg"rwtrqugu"
qt"hqt"ekxkn"cxkcvkqp"rwtrqugu"wpfgt"vjg"rqygtu"qh"vjg"Ckt"Pcxkicvkqp"Cev"3;42."
qh"vjg"Ekxkn"Cxkcvkqp"Cev"3;6;."u"3;"qt"u"45"qt"qh"vjg"Ekxkn"Cxkcvkqp"Cev"3;:4.""
u"52"qt"u"63"uq"nqpi"cu"uwej"tguvtkevkqpu"ctg"gphqtegcdng"d{"vjg"Etqyp0"
"
39" Cu"cogpfgf"d{"vjg"Fghgpeg"*Vtcpuhgt"qh"Hwpevkqpu+"*Pq"3+"Qtfgt"3;86"*UK"3;8616::+0"
354" Crown and Government Land"
"
Wpfgt"vjg"Nqecn"Ncpf"Ejctigu"Cev"3;97."u"3*3+*e+"cpf"*f+"cpf"u"4*e+"c"tguvtkevkxg"
qt"rqukvkxg"eqxgpcpv"qp"vjg"wug"qh"ncpf"korqugf"qt"gphqtegcdng"d{"c"Okpkuvgt"qh"
vjg"Etqyp"qt"iqxgtpogpv"fgrctvogpv"dkpfkpi"qp"uweeguukxg"qypgtu"qh"vjg"ncpf"
*qvjgt"vjcp."wpfgt"u"4*e+."qpg"ocfg"hqt"vjg"dgpghkv"qh"vjg"ncpf"qh"vjg"okpkuvgt"qt"
iqxgtpogpv"fgrctvogpv+"ku"c"nqecn"ncpf"ejctig"cpf"cu"uwej"cp"qxgttkfkpi"kpvgtguv"
wpfgt"vjg"Ncpf"Tgikuvtcvkqp"Cev"4224."Uej"3."rctc"7"cpf"Uej"5."rctc"8"wpvkn"*wpfgt"
u"4;*5++"gpvgtgf"qp"vjg"tgikuvgt"qh"vkvng0"
:0404" Dwtfgp"qh"eqxgpcpvu"
Cv"eqooqp"ncy"vjg"Etqyp"eqwnf"gpvgt"kpvq"fktgev"eqxgpcpvu"gkvjgt"rqukvkxg"qt"
tguvtkevkxg." gphqtegcdng" hqtogtn{" d{" rgvkvkqp" qh" tkijv" *3505+" qt" pqy" wpfgt" vjg"
Etqyp"Rtqeggfkpiu"Cev"3;690"Cu"qtkikpcn"eqxgpcpvqt"vjg"Etqyp"ecp"dg"nkcdng"kp"
fcocigu"wpfgt"rtkxkv{"qh"eqpvtcev"cpf"rtcevkeg"ku"hqt"vjg"hqto"qh"eqxgpcpv"vq"dg"
nkokvgf"*3607+0"Tguvtkevkxg"eqxgpcpvu"kp"gswkv{"ygtg"gxqnxgf"kp"vjg"3;vj"egpvwt{"
cpf"ygtg"gphqtegcdng"qp"rtkxcvg"qypgtu"d{"kplwpevkqp0"Wpfgt"vjg"3;69"Cev."u"43"
cp" kplwpevkqp" ecp" pqv" dg" qtfgtgf" cickpuv" vjg" Etqyp" kp"ekxkn" rtqeggfkpiu" cpf"
vjgtghqtg"pqt"ecp"fcocigu"kp"nkgw"wpfgt"vjg"Ugpkqt"Eqwtvu"Cev"3;:3."u"72"*3508+"
uq"vjg"Etqyp"ecp"pqv"dg"nkcdng"cu"uweeguuqt"kp"vkvng"vq"c"rtgxkqwu"eqxgpcpvqt0"Vjg"
Jqwukpi" cpf" Rncppkpi" Cev" 4238." u" 425" crrnkgu" vq" c" dqf{" jcxkpi" eqorwnuqt{"
rqygtu"*yjkej." wpf gt" u" 427*3+" kpenwfgu" c" Okpkuvgt" qh" vjg" Etqyp+"dtgcejkpi"c"
tguvtkevkqp" cu" vq"vjg" wugt" qh" ncpf" ctkukpi" d{" xktvwg" qh" c" eqpvtcev" *yjkej" yqwnf"
kpenwfg"c"vtcpuhgt+0"
C"eqwtv"oc{"ocmg"c"fgenctcvkqp"cu"vq"vjg"xcnkfkv{"qh"c"eqxgpcpv0"Oquv"eqxgpcpvu"
ctg"korqugf"d{"c"ugnngt"qh"ncpf"cu"rctv"qh"vjg"vgtou"qh"ucng0"Kp"Rhone v Stephens3:
vjg"Jqwug"qh"Nqtfu"tgictfgf"c"tguvtkevkxg"eqxgpcpv"cu"dgkpi"kp"uqog"yc{u"ukoknct"
vq"cp"gzegrvkqp"kp"vjcv"vjg"dw{gt"qh"ncpf"ukorn{"ceswktgf"cp"gpewodgtgf"rtqrgtv{0"
Nqtf"Vgorngocp"uckf.3;"ÒTguvtkevkxg"eqxgpcpvu"fgrtkxg"cp"qypgt"qh"c"tkijv"yjkej"
jg"eqwnf"qvjgtykug"gzgtekugÓ0"Kv"yqwnf"hqnnqy"vjcv"vjg"Etqyp"yqwnf"ukorn{"pqv"
ceswktg"vjg"tkijv"vq"fq"yjcvgxgt"vjg"eqxgpcpvu"rtqjkdkvgf"uwej"cu"dwknf"qp"vjg"ncpf"
qt"cfqrv"c"rctvkewnct"wug0"Kh"vjg"eqwtv"ocfg"uwej"c"fgenctcvkqp"vjg"Etqyp"yqwnf"
pqtocnn{"tgurgev"kv0"
Vjg"rqukvkqp"oc{"dg"fkhhgtgpv"kh"c"Etqyp"dqf{"ykujgf"vq"itcpv"c"eqxgpcpv"qxgt"
ncpf"kv"eqpvkpwgf"vq"jqnf0"C"eqxgpcpv"okijv"dg"tgswguvgf"kh"rctv"qh"cp"guvcvg"ku"
uqnf" cpf" vjg" dw{gt" ycpvgf" vq" jcxg" rtqvgevkqp" cickpuv" cppq{kpi" cevkxkvkgu" qp""
vjg"tgvckpgf"ncpf0"Uwej"c"eqxgpcpv"okijv"dg"tgictfgf"cu"c"hgvvgt"qp"vjg"EtqypÓu"
rqygt"vq"ocpcig"kv0"Vjg"Etqyp"Ncpfu"Cev"3924"rtqjkdkvu"oquv"itcpvu"cpf"yjkng"
c"eqxgpcpv"qp"kvu"qyp"ku"pqv"c"jgtgfkvcogpv"qt"qvjgtykug"ykvjkp"vjg"nkvgtcn"yqtfkpi"
"
3:" ]3;;6̲"4"CE"5320"
3;" ]3;;6̲"4"CE"532"cv"53:0"
"Incorporeal Rights" 355"
"
*gswkvcdng"tguvtkevkxg"eqxgpcpvu"cu"uwej"fkf"pqv"vjgp"gzkuv+"vjg"okuejkgh"qh"vjg"Cev"
ycu"vq"rtgxgpv"fkokpwvkqp"qh"vjg"xcnwg"qh"vjg"Etqyp"ncpfu"cpf"uwej"c"itcpv"okijv"
dg"ykvjkp"vjg"Cev"cpf"uq"pggf"uvcvwvqt{"cwvjqtkv{0"
Vjg"Etqyp"Guvcvg"Eqookuukqpgtu"jcxg"vjg"pgeguuct{"cdknkv{"wpfgt"vjg"Etqyp"
Guvcvg"Cev"3;83."u"3*4+"cu"dgnqpikpi"vq"vjg"EtqypÓu"tkijvu"qh"qypgtujkr"cpf"vjg"
Fwmg"qh"Eqtpycnn"oc{"ocmg"c"eqxgpcpv"kp"c"itcpv"wpfgt"vjg"Fwej{"qh"Eqtpycnn"
Ocpcigogpv"Cev"3:85."u"46"qt"qvjgtykug"dg"cwvjqtkugf"d{"vjg"Vtgcuwt{"wpfgt"vjg"
Fwej{"qh"Eqtpycnn"Ocpcigogpv"Cev"3;:4."u"90"Kh"c"fgrctvogpv"ykujgf"vq"ikxg"c"
eqxgpcpv"cpf"jcf"pq"gzrtguu"rqygt"vq"fq"uq"vjgp."rtqxkfgf"vjg"3924"Cev"fqgu"pqv"
rtgxgpv"kv."vjgtg"okijv"dg"cp"kornkgf"rqygt"wpfgt"vjg"Tco"fqevtkpg"*605+"dwv"vjg"
uchg"eqwtug"yqwnf"dg"pqv"vq"itcpv"kv0"Vjg"Gpxktqpogpv"Cev"4243."Uej"3;"*80;"cpf"
;0804+"eqpvckpu"rqygt"hqt"Etqyp"dqfkgu"vq"ikxg"rqukvkxg"eqpugtxcvkqp"eqxgpcpvu0"
Vjg"Fghgpeg"qh"vjg"Tgcno"*Ceswkukvkqp"qh"Ncpf+"Cevu"3;38"cpf"3;42"eqpvckp"
rqygtu"hqt"qypgtu"vq"ugnn"vq"c"iqxgtpogpv"fgrctvogpv"hqt"fghgpeg"rwtrqugu"htgg"
htqo"cp{"uwdukuvkpi"tguvtkevkxg"eqxgpcpv0"
:0405" Rtkxcvg"ncy"tkijvu"qh"gpvt{"
Kpuvgcf"qh"kplwpevkqpu."eqxgpcpvu"ecp"dg"ocfg"gphqtegcdng"d{"tgugtxkpi"c"tkijv"qh"
tg/gpvt{"kh"vjg"eqxgpcpv"ku"dtqmgp042"Uqogvkogu"vjg"ghhgev"ku"vq"fgvgtokpg"cp"guvcvg"
kp"ncpf"cpf"wpfgt"vjg"Ncy"qh"Rtqrgtv{"Cev"3;47."u"9*3+"*cu"cogpfgf+"c"hgg"ukorng"
uwdlgev"vq"c"ngicn"qt"gswkvcdng"tkijv"qh"gpvt{"qt"tg/gpvt{"ku"c"hgg"ukorng"cduqnwvg0"
Qvjgt" ecugu" kpxqnxg" vjg" tkijv" qh" c" pgkijdqwtkpi" qypgt" *qt" kp" vjg" ecug" qh" c"
ngcugjqnf"c"ncpfnqtf+"jcxkpi"c"tkijv"vq"kpurgev"vjg"rtqrgtv{"cpf"ectt{"qwv"tgrcktu0"
Vjg" Etqyp" ecp" jcxg" vjg" dgpghkv" qh" uwej" tkijvu" nkmg" cp{" qvjgt" ncpfqypgt" qt"
ncpfnqtf0"Vjg"Eqookuukqpgtu"qh"Yqqfu"ocfg"itcpvu"qh"ncpf"kp"vjg"3;vj"cpf"gctn{"
42vj" egpvwtkgu"korqukpi" eqxgpcpvu" ugewtgf" d{" c" tkijv" qh" tg/gpvt{0" Vjg" Etqyp"
Guvcvg" Cev" 3;83." u" 5*:+" rtqxkfgu" vjcv" vjg" Eqookuukqpgtu" ecp" fkurqug" qh" ncpf"
uwdlgev"vq"tguvtkevkqpu"qp"wug"cpf."wpnkmg"rtkxcvg"ncpfqypgtu"uwdlgev"vq"vjg"twng"
cickpuv"rgtrgvwkvkgu."vjg"tkijv"qh"tg/gpvt{"eqwnf"dg"gzgtekucdng"qp"c"dtgcej"qh"vjg"
tguvtkevkqpu"qeewttkpi"cv"cp{"fkuvcpeg"qh"vkog0"Vjku"tghngevu"vjg"eqooqp"ncy"cpf"
vjcv"vjg"tgncvkqp"dgvyggp"vjg"Etqyp"cpf"cp{"htggjqnfgt"ku"qpg"qh"vgpwtg0"Cu"c"
ncpfnqtf"ecp"gphqteg"c"tkijv"qh"tg/gpvt{"cickpuv"c"vgpcpv"d{"rtkxkv{"qh"guvcvg"cv"cp{"
vkog."uq"ecp"vjg"Etqyp"cickpuv"c"htggjqnfgt0"Vjg"kuuwg"fqgu"pqv"ctkug"hqt"tkijvu"
etgcvgf"chvgt"vjg"eqoogpegogpv"qh"vjg"Rgtrgvwkvkgu"cpf"Ceewowncvkqpu"Cev"422;0"
"
42"Shiloh Spinners v Harding ]3;95̲"CE"8;30"
356" Crown and Government Land"
"
Vjg"Etqyp"oc{"ceswktg"ncpf"uwdlgev"vq"c"rtkxcvg"ncpfqypgtÓu"rqvgpvkcn"tkijv"qh"
tg/gpvt{"dwv"wpfgt"vjg"Etqyp"Rtqeggfkpiu"Cev"3;69."u"43*3+*d+"c"eqwtv"ecp"pqv"
qtfgt"vjg"Etqyp"vq"fgnkxgt"wr"vjg"ncpf0"
:0406" Rwdnke"ncy"rqygtu"qh"gpvt{"
Kp"kvu"rwdnke"ecrcekv{"vjg"Etqyp"jcu"pq"rqygt"qh"gpvt{"cv"eqooqp"ncy"qt"d{"vjg"
rtgtqicvkxg"qpvq"rtkxcvg"rtgokugu043"Ocp{"Cevu"qh"Rctnkcogpv"eqphgt"rqygtu"qh"
gpvt{"qp"ncpf"qp"rwdnke"dqfkgu."kpenwfkpi"egpvtcn"cpf"nqecn"iqxgtpogpv"cpf"rwdnke"
wvknkvkgu"kp"uwrrqtv"qh"vjgkt"uvcvwvqt{"rqygtu"cpf"fwvkgu0"Vjg{"oc{"kpenwfg"c"rqygt"
vq" uwtxg{" ncpf" cu" c" rtgnkokpct{" vq" uqog" cevkqp" uwej" cu" nkuvkpi" c" dwknfkpi" qt"
fgukipkpi"vjg"tqwvg"qh"c"pgy"tqcf"qt"vq"kpurgev"vjg"ncpf"vq"ugg"kh"vjg"ncpfqypgt"ku"
eqookvvkpi"c"dtgcej"qh"vjg"ncy0"Uqogvkogu"vjgtg"ku"c"rtqxkukqp"hqt"ugtxkeg"qh"
pqvkeg"qp"vjg"ncpfqypgt"vq"vcmg"uqog"cevkqp"uwej"cu"tgogf{kpi"c"fkutgrckt"qh"c"
nkuvgf"dwknfkpi0"Uvcvwvqt{"tkijvu"ctg"pqv"pqtocnn{"tgictfgf"cu"tkijvu"qh"rtqrgtv{"
dwv"tcvjgt" cu" uwrrqtvu" vq" vjg" gphqtegogpv" qh" vjg" ncy" dwv" vjg{" ecp"qrgtcvg" kp" c"
ukoknct"yc{"vq"rtqrtkgvct{"tkijvu."kpenwfkpi"cp"qdnkicvkqp"vq"ikxg"pqvkeg"dghqtg"
gpvt{"cpf"c"fwv{"vq"tgogf{"cp{"fcocig"ecwugf0"
C"hgy"kpuvcpegu"ecp"dg"ogpvkqpgf0"Vjg"Eqorwnuqt{"Rwtejcug"Cev"3;87."u"33*5+"
cu"gzvgpfgf"d{"vjg"Jqwukpi"cpf"Rncppkpi"Cev"4238."u"394"cnnqyu"cp"ceswktkpi"
cwvjqtkv{" vq" gpvgt" qp" ncpf" hqt" vjg" rwtrqug" qh" uwtxg{u" kpenwfkpi" rtqdkpi" vjg""
uqkn."uwdlgev"vq"rc{kpi"eqorgpucvkqp"hqt"fcocig0"Vjg"Jgcnvj"cpf"Uchgv{"cv"Yqtm"
gve0" Cev" 3;96." u" 42*4+*c+" cnnqyu" cp" kpurgevqt" vq" gpvgt" rtgokugu0" Vjg"Cpekgpv"
Oqpwogpvu"cpf"Ctejcgqnqikecn"Ctgcu"Cev"3;9;."u"48"cwvjqtkugu"ceeguu"hqt"cp"
cwvjqtkugf" rgtuqp" Òykvj" c" xkgy"vq" tgeqtfkpi" cp{" ocvvgtu" qh" ctejcgqnqikecn" qt"
jkuvqtkecn"kpvgtguvÓ0"
Vjg" rtqnkhgtcvkqp" qh" vjgug" rqygtu" qh" gpvt{" icxg" tkug" vq" rwdnke" cpf" rqnkvkecn"
eqpegtp."cpf" vjg" Rtqvgevkqp" qh" Htggfqou" Cev" 4234." u" 64" tgswktgf" okpkuvgtu" vq"
tgxkgy" uwej" rqygtu" vq" ugg" kh" vjg{" ygtg" uvknn" tgswktgf0" Vjg" fgrctvogpvu."
eqqtfkpcvgf"d{"vjg"Jqog"Qhhkeg."tgrqtvgf"kp"Pqxgodgt"4236044"D{"vjcv"fcvg."uqog"
3.459" rqygtu" jcf" dggp" tgxkgygf" yjkej" ygtg" tgfwegf" vq" ;340" Hqt" kpuvcpeg"
FGHTC"tgfwegf" kvu" rqygtu" htqo" 753" vq" 5;5" cpf" kpvgpfgf" c" hwtvjgt" tgfwevkqp""
vq"4820"
Oquv"uwej"rqygtu"ecp"qpn{"dg"gzgtekugf"qxgt"Etqyp"ncpf"ykvj"vjg"eqpugpv"qh"vjg"
crrtqrtkcvg"cwvjqtkv{0"Eqpugpv"oc{"dg"ikxgp"yjgtg"ncpf"ku"qeewrkgf"d{"c"vgpcpv"
qt"yjgtg"vjg"Etqyp"ku"kvugnh"vjg"vgpcpv"qh"cp"wpeqqrgtcvkxg"htggjqnfgt0"Kp"rtcevkeg"
"
43"Entick v Carrington ]3987̲"GYJE"MD"L;:."3;"Uv"Vt"324;0"
44" Jqog"Qhhkeg."Guidance on Powers of Entry and How They Are Created or Modified, Using the
"Incorporeal Rights" 357"
"
Etqyp"dqfkgu"yknn"pqtocnn{"eqqrgtcvg"ykvj"uwej"rqygtu"wpnguu"vjgtg"ctg"urgekcn"
tgcuqpu"vq"qdlgev"uwej"cu"ugewtkv{0"
:05" FGXGNQROGPV"XCNWG"
Cu"ncpf"ykvj"vjg"dgpghkv"qh"rncppkpi"rgtokuukqp"ku"oqtg"xcnwcdng"vjcp"ykvjqwv"kv."
htqo"vkog"vq"vkog"uwiiguvkqpu"ctg"ocfg"vjcv"fgxgnqrogpv"xcnwg"ujqwnf"dg"c"rwdnke"
cuugv"cpf"dg"pcvkqpcnkugf0"Vjg{"pqtocnn{"kpxqnxg"c"rc{ogpv"ecnngf"c"ejctig"qt"
ngx{"yjkej"qrgtcvgu"cu"c"hqto"qh"vcz0"Vjg"wpfgtn{kpi"eqpegrv"ku"vjcv."yjkng"vjg"
ncpfqypgt"tgvckpu"vjg"ewttgpv"wug"xcnwg."fgxgnqrogpv"xcnwg"kvugnh."uggp"cu"c"rctv"
qh"vjg"xcnwg"qh"ncpf."qwijv"vq"dgnqpi"vq"vjg"eqoowpkv{"qt"vjg"rgqrng"qt"vjg"Uvcvg"
qt"kpfggf"vjg"Etqyp0"
Rctnkcogpv"jcu"ocfg"xctkqwu"cvvgorvu"vq"korngogpv"vjku"qxgt"vjg"{gctu"dwv"pqpg"
jcxg" rtqxgf" uweeguuhwn0" Crctv" htqo" pqtocn" rqnkvkecn" qdlgevkqpu." kv" jcu" rtqxgf"
fkhhkewnv"vq"fgxkug"c"uejgog"vjcv"ku"dqvj"gswkvcdng"vq"vjqug"kpxqnxgf"cpf"yjkej"yqtmu"
yjkng"pqv"dgkpi"qxgteqornkecvgf0"Kv"uggou"vq"dg"korquukdng"vq"dg"dqvj"ukorng"cpf"
hckt0"Cnn"rcuv"ngikuncvkqp"jcu"dggp"ngpivj{0"Gctn{"kpuvcpegu"ygtg"Kpetgogpv"Xcnwg"
Fwv{"cpf"cuuqekcvgf"ejctigu"wpfgt"vjg"Hkpcpeg"*3;2;Î32+"Cev"3;32."uu"3"vq"64"cpf"
vjg"Fgxgnqrogpv"Ejctig"wpfgt"Vqyp"cpf"Eqwpvt{"Rncppkpi"Cev"3;69."uu"8;"vq";40"
Dgvvgtogpv" Ngx{" ycu" korqugf" d{" vjg" Ncpf" Eqookuukqp" Cev" 3;89" yjkej" jcf""
324"ugevkqpu"cpf"39"Uejgfwngu0"Fgxgnqrogpv"Ickpu"Vcz"ycu"ejctigf"d{"Hkpcpeg"
Cev"3;96."Rv"KKK."uu"5:"vq"6:"ykvj"gkijv"Uejgfwngu0"Fgxgnqrogpv"Ncpf"Vcz"qrgtcvgf"
wpfgt"vjg"Fgxgnqrogpv"Ncpf"Vcz"Cev"3;98"ykvj"6:"ugevkqpu"cpf"gkijv"Uejgfwngu"
cpf"ycu"fgxkugf"vq"yqtm"ykvj"vjg"Eqoowpkv{"Ncpf"Cev"3;97"yjkej"jcf"7:"ugevkqpu"
cpf"33"Uejgfwngu0"C"tgegpv"cvvgorv"ku"vjg"Tgukfgpvkcn"Rtqrgtv{"Fgxgnqrgt"Vcz"kp"
vjg"Hkpcpeg"Cev"4244."Rv"4."uu"54"vq"74"cpf"Ueju"9"vq";0
Fgrctvogpvcn"rtcevkeg"ycu"hqtogtn{"vjcv"qp"c"ucng"qh"uwtrnwu"iqxgtpogpv"ncpf"
vjgtg" yqwnf" dg" eqpvtcevwcn" rtqxkukqpu" vq" tgeqxgt" encydcem" cpf" qxgtcig" kh" vjg"
dw{gt"qdvckpgf"qt"tgcnkugf"fgxgnqrogpv"xcnwg."pqvcdn{"d{"vjg"itcpv"qh"rncppkpi"
rgtokuukqp."cu"fkuewuugf"kp"36040"Vjgtg"ygtg"xctkqwu"ogvjqfu"qh"ugewtkpi"uwej"
xcnwg"kpenwfkpi"ejckpu"qh"eqxgpcpvu"ykvj"tguvtkevkqpu"qp"vjg"tgikuvgt"qh"vkvng."tkijvu"
qh" tg/gpvt{." gswkvcdng" ejctigu" cpf" ngcugjqnf" uvtwevwtgu0" Cnvjqwij" pq" nqpigt"
uvcpfctf"rtcevkeg"vjgug"vgejpkswgu"ecp"uvknn"uqogvkogu"dg"wugf"qp"ucngu0"
:06" TGSWKUKVKQPKPI"
Vjg"Etqyp"jcf"c"rtgtqicvkxg"rqygt"kp"vkogu"qh"gogtigpe{"vq"tgswkukvkqp"ncpf"
htqo"uwdlgevu."vgorqtctkn{0"Vjg"gzcev"ueqrg"ku"wpfgvgtokpgf"cpf"kv"oc{"pqy"dg"
qduqngvg."jcxkpi"dggp"tgrncegf"d{"uvcvwvqt{"rqygtu0"
358" Crown and Government Land"
"
Kp"In re A Petition of Right45"fwtkpi"vjg"Hktuv"Yqtnf"Yct"vjg"eqwtv"fgekfgf"vjcv"
vjg"rtgtqicvkxg"rqygt"uvknn"gzkuvgf0"Kp"Re De Keyser’s Royal Hotel46"vjg"Jqwug"qh"
Nqtfu"jgnf"vjcv."gxgp"kh"vjcv"ycu"uq."kv"eqwnf"pqv"dg"wugf"kp"vjg"ektewouvcpegu"qh"
vjcv"ecug0"Kp"3;38"vjg"Cto{"Eqwpekn"qp"dgjcnh"qh"vjg"Yct"Qhhkeg"vqqm"rquuguukqp"
qh" c" jqvgn" cu" jgcfswctvgtu" hqt" vjg" Tq{cn" Hn{kpi" Eqtru0" Vjku" ycu"uckf"vq"dg"
cwvjqtkugf" d{" vjg" Fghgpeg" qh" vjg" Tgcno" Eqpuqnkfcvkqp" Cev" 3;36" cpf" vjg"
Tgiwncvkqpu"wpfgt"kv0"Cnvjqwij"eqorgpucvkqp"ycu"fkuewuugf"kv"ycu"pqv"citggf"cpf"
nghv"vq"dg"fgvgtokpgf"chvgt"vjg"Yct0"Vjg"eqorcp{"uwdokvvgf"c"rgvkvkqp"qh"tkijv"
enckokpi"eqorgpucvkqp"vq"yjkej"vjg"Cvvqtpg{"Igpgtcn"ctiwgf"vjcv"kv"ycu"pqv"fwg"
cv" cnn0" Jg" ctiwgf" vjcv" vjg" Etqyp" jcf" c" rtgtqicvkxg" tkijv" kp" yctvkog" vq" vcmg"
vgorqtct{"wug"qh"rtqrgtv{"ykvjqwv"rc{kpi"eqorgpucvkqp"dwv"uwdlgev"vq"ocmkpi"
iqqf"cp{"fcocig"ecwugf"d{"kvu"qeewrcvkqp0"
Vjg"eqwtvu"dgnqy"jcf"fkuewuugf"gctnkgt"ecugu"dcem"vq"vjg"39vj"egpvwt{"cpf"hqwpf"
vjcv"gxgp"kh"vjgtg"ycu"c"rqygt"vq"vcmg"rtqrgtv{"kp"c"vkog"qh"pcvkqpcn"gogtigpe{."
rquuguukqp"kp" vjku" ecug" jcf" pqv" dggp" vcmgp" wpfgt" vjg" rtgtqicvkxg" dwv" gkvjgt" d{"
citggogpv"kp"tgvwtp"hqt"rc{ogpv"qt"wpfgt"uvcvwvqt{"rqygtu0"Vjg"Jqwug"qh"Nqtfu"
jgnf"vjcv"rquuguukqp"ycu"vcmgp"wpfgt"vjg"Fghgpeg"Cev"3:64"yjkej"rtqxkfgf"hqt"
eqorgpucvkqp0" Uvcvwvg" rtgxckngf" qxgt" cp{" rtgtqicvkxg" rqygt" yjkej" oc{" jcxg"
gzkuvgf"cpf"eqorgpucvkqp"ycu"vjgtghqtg"fwg0"
Kp"rtcevkeg"vjg"Etqyp"pq"nqpigt"tgnkgu"qp"vjg"rtgtqicvkxg"rqygt"dwv"*uq"hct"cu""
kv" gzkuvu+" kv" jcu" pqv" dggp" cdcpfqpgf0"Vjg"Uwrtgog" Eqwtv" jcu" ukpeg" eqphktogf""
vjcv" rtgtqicvkxg" rqygtu" ecp" pqv" dg" gzgtekugf" uq" cu" vq" fgrtkxg" qypgtu" qh""
rtqrgtv{"ykvjqwv"eqorgpucvkqp047"Vjg"rtgugpv"igpgtcn"rqygt"ku"wpfgt"vjg"Ekxkn"
Eqpvkpigpekgu"Cev"4226."u"44*5+*d+"yjkej"gpcdngu"Òvjg"tgswkukvkqp"qt"eqphkuecvkqp"
qh"rtqrgtv{"*ykvj"qt"ykvjqwv"eqorgpucvkqp+Ó"dwv"wpfgt"u"52"hqt"vjg"rwtrqugu"qh"
vjg"Jwocp"Tkijvu"Cev"3;;:"cp{"tgiwncvkqpu"wpfgt"vjg"4226"Cev"ctg"vtgcvgf"cu"
uwdqtfkpcvg" ngikuncvkqp" cpf" uq" wpfgt" vjg" 3;;:" Cev." u" 6" oc{" dg" uwdlgev"vq " c"
fgenctcvkqp"qh"kpeqorcvkdknkv{0"
Tgswkukvkqp"eqphgtu"qpn{"c"vgorqtct{"rqygt"qh"qeewrcvkqp0"Lewisham Borough
Council v Roberts48eqpegtpgf"vjg"tkijv"qh"c"rgtuqp"cwvjqtkugf"d{"vjg"Okpkuvgt"qh"
Jgcnvj"vq" tgrquuguu" c" tgswkukvkqpgf" jqwug0" Fgppkpi" NL" fkuugpvgf" qp" vjg" cevwcn"
fgekukqp"dwv"jku"yqtfu"qp"vjg"pcvwtg"qh"vjg"Etqyp"kpvgtguv"ctg"wpeqpvgpvkqwu"yjgp"
"
"
"
45" ]3;37̲"5"MD"86;."EC0"
46" ]3;42̲"CE"72:0"
47"Ugg"R (Miller) v Prime Minister"]423;̲" WMUE" 63" cv" ]62̲" ekvkpi" Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord
Advocate"]3;87̲"CE"970"
48" ]3;6;̲"3"Cnn"GT":370"
"Incorporeal Rights" 359"
"
jg"uckf49"vjcv"vjg"Etqyp"Òecppqv"itcpv"c"ngcug"qt"etgcvg"cp{"ngicn"kpvgtguv"kp"vjg"
ncpf"kp"hcxqwt"qh"cp{"qvjgt"rgtuqp"dgecwug"kv"jcu"kvugnh"pq"guvcvg"kp"vjg"ncpf"qwv"qh"
yjkej"vq"ectxg"cp{"kpvgtguvÓ04:"Kp"Commissioners of"Crown Lands v Page4;"c"jqwug"
ycu"tgswkukvkqpgf"hqt"c"rgtkqf"wpfgt"vjg"Fghgpeg"*Igpgtcn+"Tgiwncvkqpu"3;5;052"
Vjg"Etqyp"Guvcvg"uwgf"hqt"tgpv"fwtkpi"vjcv"vkog0"Vjg"Eqwtv"qh"Crrgcn"jgnf"vjcv"kv"
ycu" fwg" fgurkvg" vjg" nguugg" pqv" dgkpi" cdng"vq" wug" vjg" rtqrgtv{0" Nqtf" Gxgtujgf"
uckf<53"
vjg"Etqyp."wrqp"vjg"gzgtekug"qh"kvu"tgswkukvkqpkpi"rqygtu."ceswktgf"vjgtgd{"pq"
guvcvg"qt"rtqrtkgvct{"kpvgtguv"kp"vjg"rtqrgtv{"vcmgp="È"Cu"c"ocvvgt"qh"ncy."vjg"
tgswkukvkqpkpi"cwvjqtkv{"ujqwnf."vjgtghqtg."cu"K"vjkpm."dg"vcmgp"vq"jcxg"ceswktgf"
vjg"tkijv"qh"qeewrcvkqp"cu"eqorwnuqt{"nkegpugg0"
"
Vjg"ghhgev"qh"tgswkukvkqp"ku"vq"uwurgpf"vkog"hqt"ceswkukvkqp"qh"tkijvu0"Kp"Tehidy
Minerals v Norman54" hctogtu" itc¦kpi"ncpf" eqwnf" pqv" encko" vjg" dgpghkv" qh" vjg"
Rtguetkrvkqp"Cev"3:54."u"3"kp"tgurgev"qh"vjg"rgtkqf"qh"tgswkukvkqp"cpf"kp"Rothschild
v Buckinghamshire County Council55wug"qh"c"yc{"d{"vjg"rwdnke"fwtkpi"vjg"rgtkqf"
fkf"pqv"ikxg"tkug"vq"kphgttgf"fgfkecvkqp0"
:07" HNQYGTU"CPF"HTCPEJKUGU"
Vjg"Etqyp"jcu"egtvckp"tkijvu"tgncvkpi"vq"rtqrgtv{"hqtogtn{"d{"xktvwg"qh"vjg"tq{cn"
rtgtqicvkxg"cnvjqwij"pqy"uvcvwvqt{0"Kp"A-G v Trustees of the British Museum56"
Hctygnn"L."hqnnqykpi"vjg"Case of the Abbot of Strata Mercella.57"tghgttgf"vq"vjgug"
cu"hnqygtu"qh"vjg"Etqyp0"Kp"vjg"rcuv"kv"eqwnf"itcpv"uqog"qh"vjgo"vq"uwdlgevu"cu"
htcpejkugu" yjkej" vjgtgd{" dgecog" kpeqtrqtgcn" jgtgfkvcogpvu0" Kv" ecp" pq" nqpigt"
ocmg"gzrtguu"itcpvu"qh"pgy"rtkxcvg"tkijvu"qh"vjku"pcvwtg"*gzegrv"hqt"c"itcpv"qh"
eqtrqtcvg"uvcvwu+"dwv"ocp{"uvknn"gzkuv"cpf"uqog"htcpejkugu"ecp"dg"guvcdnkujgf"d{"
rtguetkrvkqp"d{"nquv"cpekgpv"itcpv0"
"
49" ]3;6;̲"3"Cnn"GT":37"cv":460"
4:" Ugg"cnuq"Southgate Borough Council v Watson"]3;66̲"3"MD"763="Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries v Matthews"]3;72̲"3"MD"36:0"
4;" ]3;82̲"4"SD"4960"
52"" UT(Q"3;5;1;490"
53" ]3;82̲"4"SD"496"cv"4:5Î4:60"
54" ]3;93̲"4"SD"74:0"
55" *3;79+"343"LR"77:."392"Estates Gazette"950"
56" ]3;25̲"4"Ej"7;:0"
57" *37;3+";"Eq"Tgr"46c."99"GT"9870"
35:" Crown and Government Land"
"
:0703" Htcpejkugu"
Dncemuvqpg"fghkpgu"c"htcpejkug"cu"Òc"tq{cn"rtkxkngig."qt"dtcpej"qh" vjg" mkpiÓu"
rtgtqicvkxg." uwdukuvkpi" kp" vjg" jcpfu" qh" c" uwdlgevÓ58" dwv" vjcv" ku" cp" qxgt/
ukornkhkecvkqp0"Kp"cffkvkqp"vq"vjg"itcpv"d{"vjg"Etqyp"qh"rqtvkqpu"qh"kvu"gzkuvkpi"
tkijvu"kv"ycu"rquukdng"cnuq"vq"etgcvg"pgy"tkijvu0""
Vjgtg"ctg"vjgtghqtg"vyq"v{rgu"qh"htcpejkug0"Qpg"v{rg"ku"tgrtgugpvgf"d{"vtgcuwtg"
vtqxg"cpf"ytgem0"A-G v Trustees of the British Museum59"eqpegtpgf"uqog"kvgou"
qh"rtgekqwu" ogvcn" hqwpf" cv" Dtqkijvgt." qp" Nqwij" Hq{ng." kp" vjg" pqtvj" qh" Ktgncpf"
yjkej"ygtg"citggf"vq"dg"vtgcuwtg"vtqxg0"Vjcv"jcf"dggp"qpg"qh"vjg"hnqygtu"qh"vjg"
Etqyp"dwv."cu"Hctygnn"L"rqkpvgf"qwv."cu"c"tguwnv"qh"c"itcpv"vq"c"uwdlgev"vjg"tkijvu"
qh"vjg"Etqyp"ygtg"fkokpkujgf"dgecwug"kv"eqwnf"pq"nqpigt"gzgtekug"vjg"tkijv"kp"vjg"
htcpejkug"ctgc0"Uwej"c"itcpv"oc{"dg"ecnngf"c"hnqygt"htcpejkug0"Vjg"ugeqpf"v{rg"ku"
yjgtg"c"tkijv"fkf"pqv"rtgxkqwun{"gzkuv"cpf"vjg"Etqyp"etgcvgf"cpf"itcpvgf"c"yjqnn{"
pgy"kpvgtguv."wuwcnn{"c"oqpqrqn{."uwej"cu"c"tkijv"qh"octmgv"qt"hgtt{0"
Vjg"fkhhgtgpeg"ku"vjcv"kh"c"hnqygt"htcpejkug"eqogu"dcem"kpvq"vjg"jcpfu"qh"vjg"Etqyp"
kv"ogtigu"kp"vjg"rtgtqicvkxg"cpf"egcugu"vq"gzkuv0"Vjwu"kp"vjg"Case of the Abbot of
Strata Mercella5:dghqtg"vjg"Fkuuqnwvkqp"vjg"Cddg{"jgnf"c"htcpejkug"qh"yckhu"ykvj"
vjg"ocpqt"qh"Vcnngtvjgig"kp"Oqpviqogt{ujktg0"Vjcv"ycu"uwttgpfgtgf"vq"vjg"Etqyp"
yjkej"kp"3768"itcpvgf"vjg"ocpqt"vq"Ukt"Ctvjwt"Fcte{0"Vjg"ecug"fgekfgf"vjcv"vjg"
htcpejkug"ycu"gzvkpiwkujgf"cpf"jg"fkf"pqv"ceswktg"vjg"tkijv"vq"yckhu0"
C"htcpejkug"qh"vjg"ugeqpf"v{rg"yknn"pqv"ogtig0"Qpeg"kv"jcu"dggp"etgcvgf"cu"cp"
kpeqtrqtgcn"jgtgfkvcogpv"vjgp."kh"vjg"tkijv"eqogu"vq"vjg"Etqyp"qp"ceswkukvkqp"qh"
vjg"ocpqt"qt"cu"c"rkgeg"qh"rtqrgtv{"qp"kvu"qyp"kv"eqpvkpwgu"vq"gzkuv0"Kv"oc{"dg"
ocpcigf" cu" Etqyp" rtqrgtv{5;" qt" oc{" dg" itcpvgf"qwv"cickp0" Vjwu" kp" Heddy v
Wheelhouse62" c" hckt" ecog" dcem" vq" vjg" Etqyp" cpf"ycu" jgnf" pqv" vq" jcxg" dggp"
gzvkpiwkujgf0" Ukoknctn{" kp" Duke of Northumberland v Houghton63" c" ugxgtcn"
hkujgt{" uckf" vq" jcxg" dggp" itcpvgf" dghqtg" Ocipc" Ectvc" fkf" pqv" ogtig" yjgp"
hqthgkvgf"vq"vjg"Etqyp"kp"34;;0"
C"htcpejkug"jgnf"d{"c"uwdlgev"fqgu"pqv"dgpghkv"htqo"Etqyp"koowpkv{0"Kp"Spook
Erection Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment64c"eqorcp{" qypgf" vjg"
"
58" Ukt"Yknnkco"Dncemuvqpg."Commentaries on the Laws of England"*QzhqtfRtguu."3987Î
3992+"cv"405090"Ugg"Duke of Devonshire v Pattinson"*3::9+"42"SDF"485"cv"4930"
59" ]3;25̲"4"Ej"7;:0"
5:" *37;3+";"Eq"Tgr"46c."99"GT"9870"
5;" Ugg"vjg"Etqyp"Ncpfu"Cev"3:74."u"80"
62" *37;8+"Etq"Gnk¦"7;3."9:"GT":560"
63" *3:8;Î92+"N"T"7"Gz"3490"
64" ]3;::̲"4"Cnn"GT"889."*3;::+":8"NIT"9580"
"Incorporeal Rights" 35;"
"
octmgv"tkijvu"kp"Oqtgvqp/kp/Octuj"wpfgt"c"ejctvgt"qh"385:0"Kv"qeewrkgf"vjg"Jkij"
Uvtggv"vq"jqnf"vjg"octmgv"dwv"fkf"pqv"igv"rncppkpi"rgtokuukqp"vq"ectt{"kv"qp"vjgtg0"
Vjg"Etqyp"fkf"pqv."cv"vjg"vkog."pggf"rncppkpi"eqpugpv0"Vjg"Eqwtv"qh"Crrgcn"jgnf"
vjcv."cnvjqwij"itcpvgf"d{"vjg"Etqyp."qpeg"kv"ecog"kpvq"gzkuvgpeg"kv"ycu"c"pqtocn"
tkijv"qh"rtqrgtv{"cpf"vjg"eqorcp{"ycu"pqv"gzgtekukpi"c"rtgtqicvkxg"tkijv0"
:0704" Itcpv"qt"rtguetkrvkqp"
C"htcpejkug"nkgu"kp"c"Etqyp"itcpv"gkvjgt"gzrtguu"qt"rtguwogf0"Gzrtguu"itcpvu"ygtg"
ocfg"d{"tq{cn"ejctvgt"cpf"ctg"pqy"nkokvgf"vq"ejctvgtu"qh"kpeqtrqtcvkqp"yjkej"ctg"
kuuwgf"qwv"qh"vjg"Rtkx{"Eqwpekn"Qhhkeg0"Uqog"htcpejkugu"ctg"uckf"vq"ctkug"htqo"
rtguetkrvkqp="yjgtg"vjg{"jcxg"dggp"gzgtekugf"hqt"egpvwtkgu"ykvjqwv"ejcnngpig"vjg"
eqwtvu" jcxg" hqwpf" kv" pgeguuct{" vq" lwuvkh{" c" ngicn" qtkikp" hqt" vjgo"d{" c" hkevkqp"
rtguwokpi"c"nquv"cpekgpv"itcpv0"
Kp" vjg" 35vj" egpvwt{" kv" dgecog" gxkfgpv" vjcv" ocp{" ncpfqypgtu"cpf" vqypu" ygtg"
enckokpi"vq"gplq{"htcpejkugu"ykvjqwv"jcxkpi"c"tq{cn"ejctvgt"cpf"vjg"Etqyp"uqwijv"
vq"rtgxgpv"yjcv"kv"ucy"cu"cp"cdwug0"Cnvjqwij"kp"uqog"kpuvcpegu"c"igpwkpg"ejctvgt"
jcf"dggp"nquv."kp"qvjgtu"vjg"tkijvu"jcf"ukorn{"dggp"cuugtvgf"ykvjqwv"cwvjqtkv{0"Vjg"
uvcvwvg"Swq"Ycttcpvq"34;2"rtqxkfgf"vjcv"kh"vjg"enckocpvu"eqwnf"ujqy"vjcv"vjg{"
cpf"vjgkt"rtgfgeguuqtu"jcf"dggp"gzgtekukpi"vjg"tkijv"*uwej"cu"qrgtcvkpi"c"hgtt{"qt"
dgkpi"c"dqtqwij+"ukpeg"dghqtg"vjg"eqtqpcvkqp"qh"Tkejctf"K"qp"5"Ugrvgodgt"33:;"
vjcv" yqwnf" dg" ceegrvgf="qvjgtykug" vjg{" yqwnf" jcxg" vq" qdvckp" *cpf" rc{" hqt+" c"
ejctvgt0"Kp"uwdugswgpv"egpvwtkgu"vjg"eqwtvu"dgecog"tgcf{"vq"rtguwog"gplq{ogpv"
dghqtg"33:;"yjgtg"vjg"enckocpv"eqwnf"ujqy"nqpi"wug0"
Kp"Dysart v Hammerton65"Nqtf"Rctmgt"qh"Ycffkpivqp"uckf
O{" Nqtfu." c" htcpejkug" qh" hgtt{." fgrgpfkpi" cu" kv" fqgu" wrqp"itcpv " htqo"vjg"
Etqyp."ecp"dg"ceswktgf"d{"rtguetkrvkqp"cv"eqooqp"ncy."yjkej"rtguwogu"uwej"
c"itcpv"rtkqt"vq"vjg"tgkip"qh"Tkejctf"K0."qt"d{"vjg"rtqqh"qh"hcevu"htqo"yjkej"c"
itcpv"qh"oqtg"oqfgtp"fcvg"ecp"dg"kphgttgf"d{"vjg"lwt{"qt"vjg"lwfig"ukvvkpi"cu"
lwt{0"Vjg"ceswkukvkqp"qh"tkijvu."cu"ygnn"d{"rtguetkrvkqp"cv"eqooqp"ncy"cu"d{"
vjg"rtguworvkqp"qh"nquv"itcpv."fgrgpfu"qp"vjg"rtqqh"qh"nqpi"wugt"qt"rtcevkeg"hqt"
yjkej"c"ngicn"qtkikp"yknn."kh"rquukdng."dg"rtguwogf."cpf"yjkej"yqwnf"jcxg"dggp"
wpncyhwn"ykvjqwv"uqog"uwej"rtguworvkqp0"Kh."vjgtghqtg."kv"dg"uqwijv"vq"guvcdnkuj"
c"htcpejkug" hgtt{" d{" rtguetkrvkqp" cv" eqooqp" ncy" qt" d{" rtguworvkqp" qh" nquv"
itcpv."vjg"enckocpv"owuv"rtqxg"c"wugt"qt"rtcevkeg."yjkej."kh"kv"ku"vq"dg"fggogf"
vq"jcxg"dggp"ncyhwn."owuv"pgeguuctkn{"jcxg"qtkikpcvgf"kp"c"Tq{cn"itcpv0"Kv"ku"vq"
dg"qdugtxgf"cnuq"vjcv."vjqwij"rtqqh"vjcv"vjg"wugt"qt"rtcevkeg"tgnkgf"qp"qtkikpcvgf"
ukpeg"vjg"tgkip"qh"Tkejctf"K0"yknn"fghgcv"rtguetkrvkqp"cv"eqooqp"ncy."kv"yknn"pqv"
"
65" ]3;38̲"CE"79"cv":20"
362" Crown and Government Land"
"
pgeguuctkn{"fghgcv"c"encko"dcugf"qp"vjg"rtguworvkqp"qh"c"itcpv"cv"qt"ukpeg"vjg"
vkog"yjgp"kv"ku"rtqxgf"vq"jcxg"qtkikpcvgf0"
"
Vjg" pcvwtg" qh" vjku" rtguetkrvkxg" qtkikp" ycu" oquv" tgegpvn{" eqpukfgtgf" kp" Lynn
Shellfish Ltd v Loose 66"yjgtg"kv"ku"tgictfgf"cu"c"hkevkqp67"dwv"qpg"vjcv"uvknn"jcu"vq"
dg"wugf0"
Vjg"rtgtqicvkxg"rqygt"vq"itcpv"tgcn"rtqrgtv{"htcpejkugu"ycu"gzvkpiwkujgf"d{"vjg"
Etqyp"Ncpfu"Cev"3924"yjkej"rtqjkdkvgf"cnn"itcpvu"qh"jgtgfkvcogpvu"*eqtrqtgcn"
qt"kpeqtrqtgcn+0"Vjg"Etqyp"Ncpfu"Cev"3:4;"eqphgttgf"qp"vjg"Eqookuukqpgtu"qh"
Yqqfu" cpf" vjg" Etqyp" Guvcvg" Cev" 3;83" qp" vjg" Etqyp" Guvcvg" Eqookuukqpgtu"
gzrtguu" rqygt" vq" etgcvg" pgy" ngicn" guvcvgu" kp" ngcugjqnfu" dwv" vjgtg" ku" pq"
eqttgurqpfkpi" rqygt" vq" etgcvg" pgy" htcpejkugu0" Cnvjqwij" vjg" 3;83"Cev"pqy"
cwvjqtkugu"vjg"Etqyp"Guvcvg"Eqookuukqpgtu"vq"gzgtekug"Òcnn"uwej"cevu"cu"dgnqpi"
vq"vjg"EtqypÓu"tkijvu"qh"qypgtujkr."htgg"htqo"cp{"tguvtckpv"qp"cnkgpcvkqp"korqugf"
qp" vjg" Etqyp" d{" ugevkqp" hkxg" qh" vjg" Etqyp" Ncpfu" Cev" 3924Ó" vjg" itcpv" qh" c"
htcpejkug"ku"pqv"c"tkijv"qh"qypgtujkr"dwv"c"rtgtqicvkxg"qt"iqxgtpogpvcn"rqygt0"
Uwiiguvgf"oqfgtp"kpuvcpegu"qh"c"itcpv"qh"c"htcpejkug"ctg"tctg"vq"pqp/gzkuvgpv0"Vjg"
vyq"ecugu"qh"vtgcuwtg"vtqxg"ogpvkqpgf"cv":0706"ctg"fwdkqwu"cpf"yqwnf"dqvj"fgrgpf"
qp"urgekcn"uvcvwvqt{"cwvjqtkv{"yjkej"ku"pqv"tgrgcvgf"gnugyjgtg0
Pqv"qpn{"ecp"pq"pgy"htcpejkugu"qh"vjg"vtcfkvkqpcn"v{rg"dg"itcpvgf"dwv"cnuq"pq"pgy"
v{rgu0"Kp"BBC v Johns68"vjg"DDE"enckogf"koowpkv{"htqo"vczcvkqp"qp"vjg"itqwpfu"
vjcv"kv"ycu"cp"gocpcvkqp"qh"vjg"Etqyp"jcxkpi"dggp"etgcvgf"d{"tq{cn"ejctvgt0"Kp"
ghhgev." cnvjqwij" pqv" hqtowncvgf" kp" vjcv" yc{." kv" ycu" c" encko" vq" c" htcpejkug" qh"
dtqcfecuvkpi0"Fkrnqem"NL"uckf<69"
Dwv"kv"ku"572"{gctu"cpf"c"ekxkn"yct"vqq"ncvg"hqt"vjg"SwggpÓu"Eqwtvu"vq"dtqcfgp"
vjg"rtgtqicvkxg0"Vjg"nkokvu"ykvjkp"yjkej"vjg"gzgewvkxg"iqxgtpogpv"oc{"korqug"
qdnkicvkqpu" qt" tguvtckpvu" wrqp" ekvk¦gpu" qh"vjg" Wpkvgf" Mkpifqo" ykvjqwv" cp{"
uvcvwvqt{" cwvjqtkv{" ctg" pqy" ygnn" ugvvngf" cpf" kpecrcdng" qh" gzvgpukqp0" Kp"
rctvkewnct."cu"tgurgevu"oqpqrqnkgu"vjg"EtqypÓu"encko"vq"c"igpgtcn"rtgtqicvkxg"
tkijv"vq" vjg" oqpqrqn{" qh" cp{" cevkxkv{" ycu" fgpkgf" cpf" ektewouetkdgf" d{" vjg"
Uvcvwvg"qh"Oqpqrqnkgu"qh"38450"Vq/fc{."ucxg"kp"uq"hct"cu"vjg"rqygt"ku"rtgugtxgf"
d{" vjg" Uvcvwvg" qh" Oqpqrqnkgu." qt" etgcvgf" d{" qvjgt" uvcvwvgu." vjg"gzgewvkxg"
iqxgtpogpv" jcu" pq" eqpuvkvwvkqpcn" tkijv" gkvjgt"kvugnh" vq" gzgtekug" vjtqwij" kvu"
cigpvu"qt"vq"eqphgt"wrqp"qvjgt"rgtuqpu"c"oqpqrqn{"qh"cp{"hqto"qh"cevkxkv{0"
"
"
66" ]4238̲"WMUE"36."]4239̲"CE"7;;"cv"]5;̲0"
67" ]4238̲"WMUE"36."]4239̲"CE"7;;"cv"]65̲0"
68" ]3;87̲"Ej"540"
69" ]3;87̲"Ej"54"cv"9;0"
"Incorporeal Rights" 363"
"
Vjg"Uvcvwvg"qh"Oqpqrqnkgu"3845"rtqjkdkvgf"hwvwtg"oqpqrqnkgu"qh"egtvckp"v{rgu"dwv"
kv"fqgu"pqv"tghgt"vq"htcpejkugu0"Ugxgtcn"uwtxkxkpi"htcpejkugu"qh"octmgv"ygtg"itcpvgf"
d{"Ejctngu"KK"cpf"dqvj"jg"cpf"Lcogu"KK"crrgct"vq"jcxg"gzgtekugf"c"htcpejkukpi"
rqygt"dwv" vjcv" oc{" jcxg" fgtkxgf" htqo" vjgkt" encko" vq" fkurgpug" ykvj" uvcvwvgu." c"
fqwdvhwn"rqygt"yjkej"ycu"fgenctgf"knngicn"d{"vjg"Dknn"qh"Tkijvu"38:;0"
C"Etqyp"itcpv"ecp"pqv"dg"rtguwogf"eqpvtct{"vq"uvcvwvg0"Kp"Goodtitle v Baldwin6:"
c"rgtuqp"jcf"dggp"kp"wpejcnngpigf"qeewrcvkqp"qh"ncpf"hqt"ocp{"{gctu"dwv"vjg"eqwtv"
jgnf" vjcv" vjg" Fgcp" Hqtguv" Cev" 38896;" uckf"vjgtg" ujqwnf" dg" pq" rtguworvkqp" qh"
cfxgtug"rquuguukqp"uq"vjcv"jg"eqwnf"pqv"cuugtv"c"vkvng"vq"vjg"ncpf0"
Vjg"Tcknyc{u"Cev"3;;5"kpvtqfwegf"c"u{uvgo"qh"vjg"tkijv"vq"twp"ugtxkegu"fguetkdgf"
kp"vjg"Cev"cu"c"htcpejkug0"Vjcv"jcf"pq"eqppgevkqp"vq"vjg"rtgtqicvkxg"cpf"ycu"rwtgn{"
uvcvwvqt{0"Qp"43"Ugrvgodgt"4242"vjg"iqxgtpogpv"cppqwpegf"rtqrqucnu"vq"gpf"vjg"
cttcpigogpvu0"
:0705" Qduqngvg"tkijvu"
Uqog" hqtogt" rtgtqicvkxg" tkijvu" kp" rtqrgtv{" jcxg" dggp" tgrncegf" d{" uvcvwvg" cu"
fkuewuugf"dgnqy0"Qvjgtu."gkvjgt"tgvckpgf"d{"vjg"Etqyp"qt"itcpvgf"cu"htcpejkugu."
jcxg"dggp"gzvkpiwkujgf"qt"ewtvckngf0"C"hwnn"fguetkrvkqp"yqwnf"qpn{"dg"qh"jkuvqtkecn"
kpvgtguv"dwv"kv"ku"yqtvj"ogpvkqpkpi"uqog0"Fgqfcpfu"*hqthgkvwtg"qh"ejcvvgnu"yjkej"
ecwugf"vjg"fgcvj"qh"c"rgtuqp+"ygtg"cdqnkujgf"d{"vjg"Fgqfcpfu"Cev"3:68"chvgt"
tcknyc{"gpikpgu"ygtg"hqthgkvgf0"Ftqkvu"qh"Cfoktcnv{"tgncvgf"vq"cyctfkpi"vjg"xcnwg"
qt"c"rqtvkqp"qh"kv"qp"vjg"ecrvwtg"qh"gpgo{"ujkru"kp"vkog"qh"yct"mpqyp"cu"rtk¦g"cpf"
ygtg"uwttgpfgtgf"kp"3924"d{"Rtkpeg"Igqtig"qh"Fgpoctm."vjgp"Nqtf"Jkij"Cfoktcn"
vq"vjg"Etqyp072"Vjgtg"ygtg"cnuq"ftqkvu"qh"vjg"Etqyp"cpf"vjg"fkuvkpevkqp"tgncvgf"vq"
ogtejcpv"qt"pcxcn"xguugnu"kp"rqtv"qt"qp"vjg"jkij"ugcu0"Vjg"pcvwtg"qh"vjg"EtqypÓu"
rtgtqicvkxg" rqygt" qxgt" rtk¦g" ycu" eqpukfgtgf" kp" The Zamora.73"Rtk¦g"ycu"
cdqnkujgf"d{"vjg"Rtk¦g"Cev"3;6:."u";*3+0"Urqtvkpi"tkijvu"qh"ejcug."rctm"cpf"ycttgp"
ygtg"gzvkpiwkujgf"d{"vjg"Yknf"Etgcvwtgu"cpf"Hqtguv"Ncyu"Cev"3;930"
Hqtogtn{"egtvckp"lwtkufkevkqpu"eqwnf"dg"rtkxcvkugf0"Owej"qh"vjku"qeewttgf"dghqtg"
3288" dwv" vjg" Etqyp" eqpvkpwgf" kv" vjgtgchvgt0" Kp" rctvkewnct" vjg" tkijv" vq"jq nf" c"
jwpftgf"eqwtv"cpf"vcmg"kvu"tgxgpwgu"ycu"qeecukqpcnn{"itcpvgf"vq"c"nqecn"nqtf0"Nqtfu"
qh"ocpqtu"cetquu"vjg"eqwpvt{"enckogf"vjg"tkijv"vq"jqnf"c"eqwtv"nggv"hqt"c"xknn0"Vjgug"
ygtg"fgrtkxgf"qh"rqygtu"vq"fgvgtokpg"ngicn"rtqeggfkpiu"d{"vjg"Cfokpkuvtcvkqp"qh"
"
6:" *3:2;+"33"Gcuv"6::."325"GT"32;40"
6;" 42"Ect"4"e":0"
72"Jowitt’s Dictionary of English Law"*Nqpfqp7vj"gfp."423;"tgxkukqp+"cv"Ftqkvu"
qh"Cfoktcnv{0"
73" ]3;38̲"4"CE"990"
364" Crown and Government Land"
"
Lwuvkeg"Cev"3;99."u"450"Vjg"lwtkufkevkqp"qh"vjg"Eqwtv"qh"Ejcpegt{"qh"vjg"eqwpv{"
rcncvkpg" qh" Ncpecuvgt" cpf" qh" vjg" Eqwtv" qh" Ejcpegt{" qh" vjg" eqwpv{"rcncvkpg" qh"
Fwtjco"cpf"Ucfdgtig"ygtg"ogtigf"kpvq"vjg"Jkij"Eqwtv"d{"vjg"Eqwtvu"Cev"3;93."
u"630"
Nqtfu"qh"ocpqtu"qhvgp"jgnf"vjg"tkijv"vq"yckhu"*iqqfu"ftqrrgf"d{"c"vjkgh"kp"hnkijv+"
cpf"guvtc{u"*dgcuvu"hqwpf"ycpfgtkpi+"yjkej"ctg"rtqdcdn{"pqy"qduqngvg074"Vjgtg"
ygtg"cnuq"vqnnu"qh"xctkqwu"uqtvu."qhvgp"jgnf"d{"dqtqwiju="xktvwcnn{"cnn"qh"vjgug"jcxg"
dggp"gzvkpiwkujgf"cnvjqwij"c"hgy."coqwpvkpi"cv"oquv"vq"c"hgy"rgpeg."oc{"tgockp0"
C"htcpejkug"qh"oqqtkpi"kp"vjg"Vjcogu"ycu"ctiwgf"kp"Couper v Albion Properties
Ltd075"Vjg"lwfiogpv"guvcdnkujgf"vjcv"vjg"Etqyp"jcf"itcpvgf"uwej"tkijvu"kp"vjg"rcuv"
cnvjqwij"qpg"ycu"pqv"ocfg"qwv"kp"vjcv"ecug0"Vjg"tkxgt"dgf"ku"cu"owej"rtqrgtv{"cu"
ft{"ncpf"cpf"rncekpi"c"oqqtkpi"ku"c"vtgurcuu"cickpuv"vjg"qypgt."qhvgp"c"Etqyp"
dqf{0"Cu"vjgtg"ku"c"rwdnke"tkijv"qh"pcxkicvkqp"kp"vkfcn"tkxgtu."cpf"oqqtkpiu"ctg"
ecrcdng" qh" dgkpi" qduvtwevkqpu." kp" rqrwnct" tkxgtu" kv" oc{" dg" pgeguuct{"hqt"c"
tgurqpukdng" dqf{" vq" qdvckp" uvcvwvqt{" rqygtu" vq" tgiwncvg" vjgo0" Kp" oqfgtp"
eqpfkvkqpu"oqqtkpi"tkijvu"ctg"tgiwncvgf"d{"nqecn"jctdqwtu"Cevu"qt"qtfgtu"wpfgt"
vjg"Igpgtcn"Rkgt"cpf"Jctdqwt"Cev"3:83."vjg"Jctdqwtu"Cev"3;86"qt"vjg"Vtcpurqtv"
cpf"Yqtmu"Cev"3;;4."u"5*d+*k+"uq"vjcv"htcpejkugu"qh"oqqtkpi"ctg"cnuq"pqy"qduqngvg0"
Oqqtkpiu"kp"urgekcn"ctgcu"oc{"dg"iqxgtpgf"d{"qvjgt"rtqxkukqpu"ocfg"wpfgt"vjg"
Fqem{ctf" Rqtvu" Tgiwncvkqp" Cev" 3:87" uwej" cu" vjg" Fqem{ctf" Rqtv" qh" Rn{oqwvj"
Qtfgt" 4242.76" Uej" 3" yjgtg" eqpvtqn" cpf" lwtkufkevkqp" ctg"xguvgf" kp" vjg" SwggpÓu"
Jctdqwt"Ocuvgt."cp"qhhkekcn"qh"vjg"OqF0"ÒVjg"vtwg"xkgy"crrgctu"vq"og"vq"dg"vjcv"
vjg"tkijv"qh"pcxkicvkqp"ku"pqv"vq"dg"tgictfgf"cu"c"tkijv"vq"uckn"kp"gxgt{"uswctg"kpej"
qh"vjg"uwthceg"qh"vjg"ugcÓ077"kv"oc{"cnuq"dg"rquukdng"hqt"vjg"Etqyp"kp"kvu"ecrcekv{"
cu"qypgt"qh"vjg"dgf"vq"tgiwncvg"vjgo0""
:0706" Vtgcuwtg"
Vtgcuwtg"vtqxg"ycu"vjg"rtgtqicvkxg"tkijv"qh"vjg"Etqyp"vq"encko"iqnf"qt"uknxgt"kvgou"
yjkej"jcf"dggp"fgrqukvgf."wuwcnn{"kp"vjg"itqwpf."cpf"yjqug"qypgt"ycu"wpmpqyp"
*c"mpqyp"qypgt"eqwnf"encko"vjg"kvgou"kp"vjg"pqtocn"yc{78+0"Vjg"vjgqt{"oc{"jcxg"
"
74" Dwv"ugg"Crown Estate Commissioners v Roberts ]422:̲"GYJE"3524"*Ej+."]422:̲"6"Cnn"GT":4:"
cv"]356̲0"
75" ]4235̲"GYJE"4;;5"*Ej+."]4235̲"Cnn"GT"*F+"335"*Qev+"cv"]774̲0"
76" UK"4242134830"
77"Crown Estate Commissioners v Fairlie Yacht Slip Ltd"]3;9;̲"UE"378"cv"39:"rgt"Nqtf"Gounkg"NR="
ugg"cnuq"Nqtf"EcogtqpÓu"tghgtgpeg"vq"Lord Advocate v Wemyss"*3:;;+"4"H"*JN+"3"cv":0"Ugg"R"
(Brown) v Canal River Trust"]4234̲"GYJE"5355"*Cfokp+0"
78"Re Sulzbacher’s coins="Eqtqpgt"hqt"Kppgt"Uv"Rcpetcu."3:"Crtkn"4233."The Times."3;"Crtkn"42330"
"Incorporeal Rights" 365"
"
dggp"vjcv"uwej"kvgou"ygtg"jkffgp"gkvjgt"vq"cxqkf"rc{kpi"fwgu"vq"vjg"mkpi"qt"cu"vjg"
rtqfwevu"qh"etkogu0"
Vjgtg"ygtg"hqtogtn{"ugxgtcn"enckou"d{"qypgtu"qh"ncpfgf"guvcvgu"vq"htcpejkugu"qh"
vtgcuwtg" vtqxg" *c" hnqygt" htcpejkug+" dwv" hgy"jcxg" dggp" wrjgnf0" Vjg" qpn{" qpgu"
uwduvcpvkcvgf"cv"rtgugpv"ctg"vjqug"qh"vjg"ekvkgu"qh"Nqpfqp79"cpf"rquukdn{"Dtkuvqn0"
Vjg"uvcpfctf"vgzv"dqqm7:"tghgtu"vq"vyq0"Qpg"ycu"uckf"vq"dg"c"eqphktocvkqp"qh"vjg"
htcpejkug"qh"vtgcuwtg"vtqxg"vq"vjg"Dctqp{"qh"Yctm"kp"Pqtvjwodgtncpf"kp"cp"Cev"qh"
39;5"*qt"39;9+="cp"Cev"ecp"fq"cp{vjkpi"dwv"tgegpv"tgugctej"jcu"pqv"hqwpf"cp{"
vtceg"qh"vjg"tkijv07;
C"itcpv" qh" vtgcuwtg" vtqxg" ku" cnuq" cnngigf" vq" jcxg" dggp" ocfg" qp" vjg" ucng" qh" vjg"
Jwpftgf"qh"Ykttcn"d{"vjg"Eqookuukqpgtu"qh"Yqqfu"vq"Lqjp"Yknnkcou"qp":"Crtkn"
3:4282"wpfgt"vjg"cwvjqtkv{"qh"vjg"Enctgoqpv"Guvcvg"Cev"3:38083"Vjg"eqpxg{cpeg"
fguetkdgu" vjg" Jwpftgf" cu" dgkpi" ykvjkp" vjg" eqwpv{" rcncvkpg" qh" Ejguvgt0" Vjg"
rcncvkpcvg"yqwnf"jcxg"jcf"vjg"jura regalia"uq"kh."yjgp"kv"ecog"vq"vjg"Etqyp"kp"
3487." vjg"tgicnkv{" y cu" tgvckpgf" cu" c" ugrctcvg" gpvkv{." vjg" ucng"eqwnf" jcxg" vcmgp"
ghhgev"cu"cp"cuukipogpv"qh"cp"gzkuvkpi"tkijv0"Kv"ku"oqtg"nkmgn{"vjcv."dgkpi"c"hnqygt"
htcpejkug."kv"yqwnf"jcxg"ogtigf"dcem"kpvq"vjg"rtgtqicvkxg"uq"vjgtg"yqwnf"jcxg"
dggp"pqvjkpi"vq"cuukip="cnvjqwij"wpfgt"oqfgtp"ncy"vjg"Etqyp"okijv"jcxg"dggp"
cdng"vq"gngev"cickpuv"ogtigt."gngevkqp"ku"cp"gswkvcdng"tkijv"yjkej"yqwnf"pqv"jcxg"
dggp"cxckncdng"kp"34870"Vjg"tghgtgpeg"vq"vtgcuwtg"vtqxg"ku"kp"vjg"igpgtcn"yqtfu""
qh"vjg"eqpxg{cpeg="vjcv"fqgu"pqv"pgeguuctkn{"ogcp"vjg"tkijv"cevwcnn{"ygpv"ykvj""
vjg"rtqrgtv{"*eqorctg"vjg"Ncy"qh"Rtqrgtv{"Cev"3;47."u"84+="kv"oc{"jcxg"dggp"
vjqwijv"uq"dwv"ecug"ncy"ncvgt"guvcdnkujgf"vjcv"uwej"tghgtgpegu"fkf"pqv"jcxg"vjcv"
ghhgev084" Vjg" 3:38" Cev." u" :" gzrtguun{" cwvjqtkugf" vjg" Eqookuukqpgtu" vq"tckug""
oqpg{" d{" vjg" ucng" qh" jgtgfkvcogpvu" cpf" tgxgpwgu" uq" kv" ku" rquukdng" vjcv" ycu"
eqpuvtwgf"cu" cwvjqtkukpi" c" pgy" itcpv" dwv" vjgtg" yqwnf" uggo" vq" dg" pq" uvcvwvqt{"
cwvjqtkv{"hqt"uwej"c"itcpv0"Kv"ku"wpengct"kh"Ot"Yknnkcou"qt"jku"uweeguuqtu"cevwcnn{"
enckogf"vtgcuwtg"vtqxg085"
"
79"R v The Mayor and Commonalty of the City of London"*3:56+"3"Et"O"("T"3"cv"35."36;"GT";8:"
cv";950"
7:" Ukt"Igqtig"Jknn."Treasure Trove in Law and Practice from the Earliest Time to the Present Day"
*Qzhqtfuu."3;58+"cv"Pqvg"C0"
7;" Ugg"Duke of Northumberland v Pattison *3:59+"The Numismatic Journal."Xqn"4"*Lwpg"3:59ÎCrtkn"
3:5:+"cv"46:Î73."fkuewuugf"kp"Lqjp"Hgpykem."Treasure Trove in Northumberland *Pgyecuvng/
Wrqp/V{pg"Tkejctfuqp."3:73+"cv"680
82"Tqpcnf" Uvgyctv/Dtqyp." The Wapentake of Wirral" *Nkxgtrqqn
cxckncdng" qpnkpg" cv" jvvru<11ctejkxg0qti1uvtgco1ycrgpvcmgqhykttc22uvgywqhv1ycrgpvcmgqhykttc20"
2uvgywqhvaflxw0vzv"*jgtgchvgtThe Wapentake of Wirral+0"
83" 78"I"5"e"3370"Ugg"The Wapentake of Wirral"cv";30"
84"Morris v Dimes"*3:56+"3"Cf"("Gn"876."332"GT"3579="A-G v Trustees of the British Museum"
]3;25̲"4"Ej"7;:0"
85"The Wapentake of Wirral"cv";80"
366" Crown and Government Land"
"
Vtgcuwtg"vtqxg"ecog"vq"dg"wugf"cu"c"ogcpu"qh"rtgugtxkpi"hqt"vjg"pcvkqp"kvgou"qh"
ctejcgqnqikecn"korqtvcpeg"dwv"kp"vjku"kv"ycu"fghgevkxg086"Vjg"Vtgcuwtg"Cev"3;;8"
eqpxgtvgf"dqvj"vjg"rtgtqicvkxg"cpf"vjg"htcpejkug"kpvq"vjg"pgy"uvcvwvqt{"tkijv"qh"
vtgcuwtg"cpf"ykfgpgf"vjg"v{rgu"qh"kvgo"yjkej"okijv"dg"enckogf0"Kv"tgogfkgf"vjg"
rtqdngou"vq"uqog"gzvgpv"cnvjqwij"kv"hcnnu"ujqtv"qh"c"rtqrgt"cpvkswkvkgu"ncy0"Vjg"
Cev"rtqxkfgu"kp"u"8*32+"vjcv"Òvtgcuwtg"xguvkpi"kp"vjg"Etqyp"wpfgt"vjku"Cev"ku"vq"dg"
vtgcvgf"cu" rctv" qh" vjg" jgtgfkvct{" tgxgpwgu" qh" vjg" EtqypÓ0" Kv" ku"o cpcigf" d{" vjg"
FEOU"vjtqwij"vjg"Dtkvkuj"Owugwo"cpf"cfokpkuvgtgf"wpfgt"c"eqfg"qh"rtcevkeg0"
Vjcv"rtgugtxgu"vjg"Etqyp"vkvng"vq"fkueqxgtgf"qdlgevu"dwv"rtqxkfgu."cu"c"ocvvgt"qh"
Etqyp"rtcevkeg."vjcv"kh"vjg"kvgo"ku"cyctfgf"vq"c"owugwo"vjg"hkpfgtu"ecp"dg"ikxgp"
vjg"xcnwg="qvjgtykug"vjg"kvgo"kvugnh"oc{"dg"tgngcugf"vq"vjgo087"Vjg"Cev"kp"u"7*4+"
vtgcvu"vjg"tq{cn"Fwejkgu."cu"kh"vjg{"ygtg"htcpejkug"jqnfgtu."dwv"vjcv"fqgu"pqv"ocmg"
vjgo"htcpejkuggu"cu"vjgkt"tkijv"ku"rctv"qh"vjg"Etqyp"tgicnkv{0"
:0707" Ytgem"
Ytgem"ku"qpg"qh"vjg"ecuwcn"tgxgpwgu."c"rtgtqicvkxg"tkijv"vq"rtqrgtv{"nquv"htqo"c"
xguugn"kp"fkuvtguu"cv"ugc0"Vjgtg"ctg"vjtgg"xctkgvkgu0"Hnqvuco"ku"yjgtg"c"ujkr"ku"urnkv"
cpf"vjg"iqqfu"dgkpi"ecttkgf"hnqcv"qpvq"vjg"hqtgujqtg0"Lgvuco"ku"yjgtg"c"ujkr"ku"kp"
fcpigt"qh"ukpmkpi"cpf"vjg"iqqfu"ctg"vjtqyp"kpvq"vjg"ugc"vq"nkijvgp"kv0"Nkicp."ncicp"
qt"nkico"ku"yjgtg"iqqfu"ctg"fgnkdgtcvgn{"vjtqyp"kpvq"vjg"ugc"ykvj"c"dwq{"octmkpi"
vjg"urqv."uq"vjg{"ctg"pqv"cdcpfqpgf."dwv"kh"vjg"qypgt"fqgu"pqv"eqog"cpf"encko"
vjgo" *kh." hqt" kpuvcpeg." jg" ygpv" fqyp" ykvj" vjg" ujkr+" vjgp" vjg{" ctg" ytgem0"
Uqogvkogu"cuuqekcvgf"ykvj"ytgem"kp"vjg"uvtkev"ugpug"ku"fgtgnkev."yjgtg"c"ujkr"kvugnh"
eqogu"vq"ncpf"qt"ukpmu"cpf"vjg"xguugn"kvugnh."qt"kvu"tgockpu."oc{"dg"enckogf0"
Vjgtg"ygtg"ocp{"Etqyp"itcpvu"qh"ytgem"vq"vjg"nqtfu"qh"eqcuvcn"ocpqtu"cu"hnqygt"
htcpejkugu"cpf"uqog"uwej"tkijvu"uvknn"gzkuv."cnvjqwij"vjg{"ctg"wuwcnn{"uggp"cu"c"
dwtfgp"ykvj"tgurqpukdknkv{"vq"engct"wr"twddkuj"htqo"ytgemgf"xguugnu"tcvjgt"vjcp"c"
uqwteg"qh"tgxgpwg0"Uqogvkogu"*dwv"pqv"cnyc{u88+"vjg"itcpv"ecttkgf"vjg"hqtgujqtg"
ykvj"kv0"
Ytgem" ku" pqy" uvcvwvqt{" cpf" ku" cfokpkuvgtgf" d{" tgegkxgtu" qh" ytgem"wpfgt"vjg"
Ogtejcpv" Ujkrrkpi" Cev" 3;;7" rctv" KZ0" Ugevkqp" 463" rtgugtxgu" vjg" tkijv" qh" vjg"
Etqyp"vq"wpenckogf"ytgem0"Vjg"nqecn"tgegkxgt"qh"ytgem"ku"tgurqpukdng"hqt"fgcnkpi"
ykvj"kv0"Kh"pq"qypgt"qh"cp"kvgo"ocmgu"c"encko"wpfgt"u"45;"jg"owuv"pqvkh{"cp{"
rgtuqp"gpvkvngf."uwej"cu"c"nqtf"qh"c"eqcuvcn"ocpqt."wpfgt"u"4640"Kh"vjgtg"ku"pq"uwej"
rgtuqp"vjgp"cp{"wpenckogf"ytgem"qh"cp{"xcnwg"fwg"vq"vjg"Etqyp"wpfgt"u"463"owuv"
"
86"A-G for the Duchy of Lancaster v GE"Overton Farms Ltd ]3;:4̲"Ej"4990
87"Treasure Act 1996 Code of Practice (2nd Revision) England & Wales *NqpfqpOctej"
422:+0"
88"Crown Estate Commissioners v Roberts ]422:̲"GYJE"3524"*Ej+."]422:̲"Cnn"GT"*F+"397"*Lwp+0"
"Incorporeal Rights" 367"
"
dg"uqnf"cpf"wpfgt"u"465*8+"vjg"rtqeggfu"rckf."kh"kv"ycu"qhh"Ncpecujktg"qt"Eqtpycnn."
vq"vjg"Fwej{"qvjgtykug"kpvq"vjg"Eqpuqnkfcvgf"Hwpf0"
:0708" Yknf"etgcvwtgu"
Yknf"cpkocnu"ecp"pqv"dg"qypgf"dwv"vjg"mkpi"jcf"vjg"rtkxkngig."eqpewttgpv"ykvj"
vjg"ncpfqypgt."vq"mknn"egtvckp"cpkocnu"mpqyp"cu"dgcuvu"qh"ycttgp"d{"xktvwg"qh"jku"
rtgtqicvkxg"cp{yjgtg"kp"vjg"eqwpvt{0"Dncemuvqpg89"eqpukfgtgf"vjcv"vjg"qtkikp"qh"
vjg"tq{cn"rtkxkngig"ycu"kp"vjg"pcvwtg"qh"c"tgugtxcvkqp"d{"vjg"mkpi"yjgp"vjg"ncpfu"
ygtg"qtkikpcnn{"kphgwfcvgf"kp"qt"chvgt"32880"Ocp{"nqtfu"qh"ocpqtu"uqwijv"c"itcpv"
qh"c"htcpejkug"qh"htgg"ycttgp."vjcv"ku"gzenwukxg"cpf"htgg"qh"vjg"Etqyp"tkijv"vq"vcmg"
dgcuvu"qh"ycttgp"qxgt"vjgkt"qyp"ncpf0"Pqtocnn{"vjcv"tgncvgf"qpn{"vq"vjg"nqtfÓu"kp"
jcpf"qt" ngcugf" qt" ycuvg" ncpf" dwv" kv" eqwnf" gzvgpf" vq" eqr{jqnf" ncpf" jgnf" qh" vjg"
ocpqt08:"Kp" vjgqt{" vjg" Etqyp" okijv" itcpv" vjg" tkijv" vq" c" rgtuqp" qvjgt" vjcp" vjg"
ncpfqypgt"cnvjqwij"kv"crrgctu"vjcv"kp"rtcevkeg"vjg"rtkxkngig"ycu"qpn{"itcpvgf"qxgt"
c"vjktf"rctv{Óu"ncpf"ykvj"vjg"ncpfqypgtÓu"eqpugpv08;"Vjg"Etqyp"rtkxkngig"vqigvjgt"
ykvj" htcpejkugu" qh" rctm." ejcug" cpf" htgg" ycttgp"ygtg" cdqnkujgf" d{" vjg" Yknf"
Etgcvwtgu"cpf"Hqtguv"Ncyu"Cev"3;930"
Vjg"Etqyp"jcu"c"rtgtqicvkxg"tkijv"vq"wpoctmgf"owvg"uycpu"kp"qrgp"ycvgt0"Kp""
vjg" Vjcogu" vjku" ku" ujctgf" ykvj" vjg" Yqtujkrhwn" Eqorcp{" qh" Xkpvpgtu" cpf" vjg"
Yqtujkrhwn"Eqorcp{"qh"F{gtu."yjq"ygtg"itcpvgf"htcpejkugu"kp"vjg"37vj"egpvwt{0"
Vjg"uvcvwvg"Rtgtqicvkxc"Tgiku"3544"qt"3546."u"35"rtqxkfgu"vjcv"ÒCnuq"vjg"Mkpi"
ujcnn"jcxg"È"vjtqwijqwv"vjg"Tgcno."Yjcngu"cpf"itgcv"Uvwtigqpu"vcmgp"kp"vjg"Ugc"
qt"gnugyjgtg"ykvjkp"vjg"Tgcno."gzegrv"kp"egtvckp"Rncegu"rtkxkngigf"d{"vjg"MkpiÓ0"
Vjg"yqtfu"Òykvjkp"vjg"tgcnoÓ"ogcp"kh"vcmgp"kp"vgttkvqtkcn"ycvgtu0"Vjg"Cev"ku"uckf"
vq"dg"fgenctcvkxg"qh"vjg"gzkuvkpi"ncy"dwv"vjg"tkijv"ku"pqy"dgvvgt"uggp"cu"uvcvwvqt{"
tcvjgt"vjcp"rtgtqicvkxg0"Dgcejgf"yjcngu"qp"vjg"Ncpecujktg"qt"Eqtpycnn"hqtgujqtg"
ctg"vjg"tgurqpukdknkv{"qh"vjg"Fwejkgu0"Tq{cn"hkuj"eqwnf"dg"itcpvgf"cu"htcpejkugu092"
Cp"cvvgorv"kp"Cresswell v DPP93"vq"ctiwg"vjcv"dcfigtu."yjkej"qhhkekcnu"qh"FGHTC"
ygtg"vt{kpi"vq"ecrvwtg"cu"rctv"qh"c"vtkcn"vq"fgekfg"vjg"ghhkece{"qh"ewnnkpi"vgejpkswgu."
ygtg"vjgtgd{"vjg"rtqrgtv{"qh"vjg"Etqyp"hckngf"kp"vjg"Fkxkukqpcn"Eqwtv0"
"
89" Ukt"Yknnkco"Dncemuvqpg."Commentaries on the Laws of England"*QzhqtfRtguu."3987Î
3992+"cv"404704."40490"
8:" Ugg"Morris v Dimes"*3:56+3"Cf"("G"876."332"GT"3579"hqt"c"itcpv"qxgt"eqr{jqnfu"yjgtg"vjg"
rqkpv"ycu"pqv"kp"kuuwg0"
8;" Ejkvv{."Prerogatives of the Crown"cv"362Î3630"Vjg"fkuewuukqp"ku"qh"ejcugu"dwv"kv"ku"kornkgf"vjg"
twngu"hqt"ycttgp"ygtg"vjg"ucog0"
92"Warren v Matthews"*3925+"8"Oqf"Tgr"950"
93" ]4228̲"GYJE"559;"*Cfokp+0"
368" Crown and Government Land"
"
:0709" Ugxgtcn"hkujgtkgu"
Qpg"htcpejkug"uvknn"qh"geqpqoke"korqtvcpeg"tgncvgu"vq"hkujkpi0"Vjg"igpgtcn"twng"ku"
vjcv"vjgtg"ku"c"rwdnke"tkijv"vq"vcmg"hkuj"kp"vkfcn"ycvgtu0"Qtkikpcnn{"vjg"Etqyp"jcf"
vjg"rqygt"vq"rwv"c"tkxgt"Òkpvq"fghgpegÓ"itcpvkpi"c"nqecn"nqtf"c"oqpqrqn{"qh"vjg"
tkijv"vq"hkuj"igpgtcnn{"qt"vq"vcmg"vjqug"qh"c"egtvckp"fguetkrvkqp"uwej"cu"q{uvgtu0"
Ocp{"uwej"tkijvu"uvknn"gzkuv"mpqyp"cu"ugxgtcn"hkujgtkgu"cu"htcpejkugu"qh"vjg"ugeqpf"
v{rg"cpf"ctg"xcnwgf"d{"vjgkt"qypgtu"dwv"vjg"etgcvkqp"qh"pgy"qpgu"ycu"rtqjkdkvgf"
d{" Ocipc" Ectvc" 3437." en" 69" yjkej" gzvkpiwkujgf" hkujgtkgu" *tkxgtu" kp" fghgpeg+"
itcpvgf"ukpeg"33;; wpfgt"ncvgt"kuuwgu"qh"Ocipc"Ectvc"kpenwfkpi"vjg"uvcvwvg"qh"
34;9."en"38"uwej"tkijvu"owuv"jcxg"dggp"itcpvgf"dghqtg"33:;0"Kp"Lynn Shellfish Ltd
v Loose94vjg"Uwrtgog"Eqwtv"tghgttgf"vq"vjg"rtguworvkqp"vjcv"uwej"c"tkijv"ycu"vq"
dg"cuuwogf"kp"vjg"cdugpeg"qh"gxkfgpeg"vq"vjg"eqpvtct{"vq"rtg/fcvg"33:;0"C"ukoknct"
tkijv"ecp"pqy"dg"etgcvgf"d{"uvcvwvg"wpfgt"vjg"Ugc"Hkujgtkgu"*Ujgnnhkuj+"Cev"3;89."
u"3"cpf"vjg"Octkpg"cpf"Eqcuvcn"Ceeguu"Cev"422;."u"36;0"
Ugxgtcn" hkujgtkgu" qpn{" gzkuvgf" cu" htcpejkugu=" vjg" Etqyp" fqgu" pqv" encko" cp{"
gzenwukxg"rtgtqicvkxg"tkijv"vq"vcmg"ugc"hkuj"dwv"tgeqipkugu"c"rwdnke"tkijv"vq"fq"uq0"
Jqygxgt"kh"c"ugxgtcn"hkujgt{"eqogu"kpvq"vjg"jcpfu"qh"vjg"Etqyp"kv"yknn"dg"tgvckpgf"
cu"c"htcpejkug"cpf"oc{"dg"ngcugf"qt"uqnf"nkmg"qvjgt"rtqrgtv{."cu"ykvj"vjg"q{uvgtcig"
kp" vjg" Jgnhqtf" Tkxgt" dgnqpikpi" vq" vjg" Fwej{" qh" Eqtpycnn095" C" fkuvkpevkqp" ku"
uqogvkogu"ftcyp"dgvyggp"c"ugxgtcn"hkujgt{"yjgtg"vjg"itcpvgg"cnuq"qypu"vjg"ugc"
dgf"cpf"c"htgg"hkujgt{"yjgtg"cnn"vjcv"gzkuvu"ku"vjg"htcpejkug"dwv"oqfgtp"wucig"ku"vq"
eqodkpg"vjg"vyq0"
:070:" Octmgvu."hcktu"cpf"hgttkgu"
Qvjgt"tkijvu"yjkej"ecp"gzkuv"cu"htcpejkugu"qh"vjg"ugeqpf"v{rg"cpf"yjkej"eqwnf"
hqtogtn{"dg"etgcvgf"d{"itcpv"ctg"nqecn"oqpqrqnkgu0"C"octmgv"ku"c"eqpeqwtug"qh"
dw{gtu" cpf" ugnngtu" cpf" kp" vjg" cdugpeg" qh" c" htcpejkug" cp{qpg" ecp"*uwdlgev"vq"
rncppkpi"eqpvtqnu+"jqnf"qpg0"C"hckt"ku"c"octmgv"jgnf"qp"urgekcn"fc{u"kp"vjg"{gct0"
Vjgtg"ctg"ocp{"htcpejkugu"qh"octmgv."yjgtgd{"vjg"Etqyp"itcpvgf"vq"c"ncpfqypgt"
qt" c" dqtqwij" vjg" oqpqrqn{" qh" jqnfkpi" c" octmgv" qt" hckt" ykvjkp" fghkpgf" nkokvu0"
Octmgvu"ctg"pqy"etgcvgf"d{"uvcvwvg"kpeqtrqtcvkpi"vjg"Octmgvu"cpf"Hcktu"Encwugu"
Cev"3:69"qt"vjg"Hqqf"Cev"3;:6."Rv"KKK0"Qvjgtu"dgnqpikpi"vq"nqecn"cwvjqtkvkgu"ctg"
tgiwncvgf"d{"nqecn"Cevu0"
"
94" ]4238̲"WMUE"36."]4239̲"CE"7;;"cv"]86̲0"
95"The A-G for the Prince of Wales v The Information Commissioner and Bruton"]4238̲"WMWV""
376"*CCE+0"
"Incorporeal Rights" 369"
"
Hgttkgu"eqortkug"vjg"gzenwukxg"tkijv"vq"ectt{"rcuugpigtu"qxgt"c"tkxgt"qt"guvwct{0"
Dgecwug"vjg{"yknn"kpxqnxg"ncpfkpi"hceknkvkgu"vjg{"pqtocnn{"ceeqorcp{"qypgtujkr"
qh"vjg"tkxgt"dcpm"cpf"qhvgp"vjg"dgf0"Vjg{"ctg"pqy"guvcdnkujgf"cpf"tgiwncvgf"d{"
rtkxcvg"Cevu096"
:070;" Eqtrqtcvg"uvcvwu"
Vjku"htcpejkug"ku"uvknn"qhvgp"itcpvgf0"Vjg"rtgtqicvkxg"kpenwfgu"cyctfkpi"vq"itqwru"
qh"rgqrng"vjg"tkijv"vq"hqto"vjgougnxgu"kpvq"c"eqtrqtcvkqp"ykvj"c"ngicn"gzkuvgpeg"
fkuvkpev" htqo" vjg" kpfkxkfwcnu" yjq" eqorqugf" kv." ykvj" rgtrgvwcn" uweeguukqp" cpf""
vjg" tkijv" vq" wug"c" eqooqp" ugcn0" Cnvjqwij" oquv" eqtrqtcvkqpu" ctg" pqy" hqtogf""
wpfgt" vjg" Eqorcpkgu" Cev" 4228" vjgtg" ku" c" uvgcf{" hnqy" qh" etgcvkqpu"d{"tq{cn""
ejctvgt"*rtkpekrcnn{"ejctkvkgu"qt"rtqhguukqpcn"dqfkgu"kpenwfkpi"nkxgt{"eqorcpkgu+"
cfokpkuvgtgf"vjtqwij"vjg"Rtkx{"Eqwpekn"Qhhkeg"cpf"itcpvgf"d{"ngvvgtu"rcvgpv"wpfgt"
vjg"Itgcv"Ugcn0"Cnvjqwij"c"htcpejkug."eqtrqtcvg"uvcvwu"ku"pqv"kvugnh"c"jgtgfkvcogpv"
gxgp"vjqwij"vjg"eqtrqtcvkqp"oc{"dg"itcpvgf"vjg"ecrcekv{"vq"jqnf"ncpf0"Hqtogtn{"
c"eqtrqtcvkqp"pggfgf"c"Etqyp"nkegpeg"kp"oqtvockp"cevwcnn{"vq"ceswktg"htggjqnf"
ncpf"*ngcugjqnfu."cu"ejcvvgnu."ygtg"pqv"chhgevgf+"cu"fkuvkpev"htqo"vjg"ecrcekv{"vq"fq"
uq"wpvkn"vjg"Ejctkvkgu"Cev"3;82."u"5:"tgrgcngf"vjg"Oqtvockp"cpf"Ejctkvcdng"Wugu"
Cevu"3:::"vq"3:;40"
Jkuvqtkecnn{"kv"ycu"korqtvcpv"hqt"dqtqwiju"vq"qdvckp"c"ejctvgt"qh"kpeqtrqtcvkqp"cpf"
ocp{"ctg"uvknn"vtgcuwtgf0"C"ejctvgt"eqphgttkpi"dqtqwij"uvcvwu"ku"pqy"uvcvwvqt{"cpf"
oc{"dg"itcpvgf"wpfgt"vjg"Nqecn"Iqxgtpogpv"Cev"3;94."u"4670"Jqygxgt"u"467*32+"
rtqxkfgu
Vjg" hqtgiqkpi" rtqxkukqpu" qh" vjku" ugevkqp" ujcnn" jcxg" ghhgev" uwdlgev" vq" cp{"
rtqxkukqp"ocfg"d{"c"itcpv"wpfgt"Jgt"Oclguv{Óu"rtgtqicvkxg"cpf."kp"rctvkewnct."
vq" cp{" uwej" rtqxkukqp" itcpvkpi" vjg" uvcvwu" qh" c" ekv{" qt" tq{cn" dqtqwij" qt"
eqphgttkpi"vjg"uv{ng"qh"nqtf"oc{qt."fgrwv{"nqtf"oc{qt"qt"tkijv"jqpqwtcdng0"
"
Kp"c"uwkvcdng"ecug"vjg"eqwtvu"eqwnf"rtguwog"c"nquv"itcpv"qh"eqtrqtcvg"uvcvwu0"Kp"
Goodman v Saltash Corporation97"vjgtg"ycu"c"encko"d{"uqog"nqecn"kpjcdkvcpvu"vq"
c"ugxgtcn"hkujgt{"kp"vjg"Tkxgt"Vcoct0"Vjg"Jqwug"qh"Nqtfu"jcf"vq"rtguwog"cnuq"c"
itcpv"qh"eqtrqtcvg"uvcvwu"vq"vjg"kpjcdkvcpvu."cickp"dghqtg"33:;."uq"vjg{"eqwnf"jqnf"
vjg" htcpejkug0"Kp"Willingale v Maitland98c" itcpv" d{" Gnk¦cdgvj" K" cu" ncf{" qh" vjg"
ocpqt"qh"c"rtqhkv"vq"vjg"ncdqwtkpi"qt"rqqt"rgqrng"kpjcdkvkpi"c"rctkuj"qh"vjg"tkijv"
vq"ewv"dtcpejgu"qh"vtggu"qp"vjg"ocpqtkcn"ycuvg"eqpuvkvwvgf"vjgo"c"eqtrqtcvkqp"hqt"
vjcv"rwtrqug"uq"vjcv"ku"uggp"cu"c"htcpejkug"ceeqorcpkgf"d{"c"rtqhkv"c"rtgpftg0"Kp"
"
96" G0i0"vjg"Dqwtpgoqwvj/Uycpcig"Oqvqt"Tqcf"cpf"Hgtt{"Cevu"3;3;"vq"3;:80"
97" *3::4+"9"Crr"Ecu"8550"
98" *3:88Î89+"NT"5"Gs"325="ugg"Chilton v London Corp (No 2)"*3:9:+"9"EjF"9570"
36:" Crown and Government Land"
"
Lord Rivers v Adams99"vjg"kpjcdkvcpv"qh"c"rctkuj"enckogf"vjg"tkijv"vq"vcmg"vkodgt"
dwv" vjcv" eqwnf" qpn{" dg" xcnkf" kh" vjg{" ygtg" c" eqtrqtcvkqp" cpf" vjg" eqwtv" ycu" pqv"
rtgrctgf"vq"rtguwog"kpeqtrqtcvkqp0"
:08" ETQYP"TGPVU"
Xctkqwu"cpekgpv"uwou"qh"oqpg{."wuwcnn{"qh"c"hgy"rgpeg."wugf"vq"dg"fwg"vq"vjg"
Etqyp"htqo"htggjqnf"rtqrgtvkgu0"Vjgug"ctg"qh"wpegtvckp"qtkikp"dwv"rtqdcdn{"tguwnv"
htqo"vjg"kphgwfcvkqp"qh"c"hgg"ukorng"cv"c"tgpv0"Qxgt"ocp{"{gctu"vjg"Etqyp"
qeecukqpcnn{"uqnf"ncpf"htggjqnf"tgugtxkpi"c"tgpv/ugtxkeg"kpuvgcf"qh"qt"cu"ygnn"cu"c"
ecrkvcn"ucng"rtkeg0"Kp"vjg"3;vj"egpvwt{"vjg"Eqookuukqpgtu"qh"Yqqfu"uqogvkogu"
itcpvgf"htggjqnf"ncpf"hqt"rwdnke"qt"ejctkvcdng"rwtrqugu."ykvjqwv"ejctikpi"c"rtkeg"
dwv"tgugtxkpi"c"tkijv"qh"tg/gpvt{"kh"vjg"ncpf"egcugf"vq"dg"rwv"vq"c"urgekhkgf"wug"*c"
rtqxkukqp"eqorctcdng"vq"vjg"Uejqqn"Ukvgu"Cev"3:63+"cpf"uqogvkogu"cnuq"tgugtxkpi"
c"uocnn"qt"pqokpcn"cppwcn"tgpv0"Vjgug"rc{ogpvu"ctg"mpqyp"cu"Etqyp"tgpvu0"
Etqyp"tgpvu" ygtg" vtgcvgf" cu" qxgttkfkpi" kpvgtguvu" d{" vjg" Ncpf" Tgikuvtcvkqp" Cev"
3;47."u"92*3+*d+"cpf"vjg"Ncpf"Tgikuvtcvkqp"Cev"4224."Uej"3."rctc"5"cpf"Uej"5."
rctc"340"D{"u"339"qh"vjcv"Cev"vjg{"egcugf"vq"dg"qxgttkfkpi"qp"34"Qevqdgt"4235"
cpf"yqwnf"uwtxkxg"c"tgikuvtcdng"fkurqukvkqp"qh"vjg"ugtxkgpv"ncpf"qpn{"kh"rtqvgevgf"
d{"pqvkeg0"Vjg"Etqyp"Guvcvg"Eqookuukqpgtu"oc{"jcxg"nqfigf"pqvkegu"dwv."cu"vjg"
uwou"rc{cdng"ctg"oquvn{"uocnn."kv"oc{"pqv"jcxg"dggp"yqtvj"vjg"equv"qh"nqfikpi"c"
pqvkeg"cpf"eqnngevkpi"vjgo0"
Chvgt"Swkc"Gorvqtgu"34;2"c"rtkxcvg"qypgt"eqwnf"pqv"uwdkphgwfcvg"cv"c"tgpv"dwv"
eqwnf" ugnn" d{" uwduvkvwvkqp" tgugtxkpi" c" tgpvejctig0" Vjg" Tgpvejctigu" Cev" 3;99"
rtqjkdkvgf"pgy"tgpvejctigu"*ykvj"vjg"gzegrvkqp"qh"guvcvg"tgpvejctigu+0"D{"u"36"kv"
dkpfu"vjg"Etqyp0"Cp{"tgpvejctigu"fwg"vq"vjg"Etqyp"yknn"dg"gzvkpiwkujgf"kp"4258"
*kh"pqv"tgfggogf"gctnkgt+"wpfgt"u"5*3+"kp"vjg"ucog"yc{"cu"vjqug"fwg"vq"rtkxcvg"
qypgtu0"
Wpfgt"u"3*c+"vjg"3;99"Cev"fqgu"pqv"crrn{"vq"vgpcpekgu0"Cu"c"hgg"ukorng"ku"c"vgpcpe{"
jgnf"htqo"vjg"Etqyp."gkvjgt"qwv"qh"vjg"tq{cn"fgogupg"qt"qwv"qh"c"Etqyp"htggjqnf."
Etqyp"tgpvu"*cu"fkuvkpev"htqo"tgpvejctigu+"yknn"pqv"dg"uwdlgev"vq"tgfgorvkqp"qt"
gzvkpevkqp"wpfgt"vjg"Cev0"Kv"ku"uvknn"rquukdng"kp"vjgqt{"hqt"vjg"Etqyp"vq"kphgwfcvg"
ncpf"kp"hgg"ukorng"tgugtxkpi"c"Etqyp"tgpv0"Kp"rtcevkeg"vjg"Etqyp"Guvcvg"rqnke{"ku"
hqt"kvu"eqoogtekcn"cevkxkvkgu"vq"dg"cu"enqug"cu"rquukdng"vq"vjqug"qh"rtkxcvg"qypgtu"
uq"vjcv"ku"wpnkmgn{0"
"
99" *3:9:+"5"GzF"5870"
"Incorporeal Rights" 36;"
"
:09" OCPQTU"
Vjg"Etqyp"qypu"ocp{"ocpqtu0"Yjkng"kv"okijv"dg"vjqwijv"vjcv"vjgtg"ku"pq"pggf"
vq"kpvgtxgpg"c"nqtfujkr"kp"vjg"vgpwtkcn"tgncvkqpujkr"dgvyggp"c"ncpfjqnfgt"cpf"vjg"
Etqyp."vjg"ocpqt"qrgtcvgu"cu"c"wpkv"qh"ewuvqo0"Ykvjkp"vjg"nkokvu"qh"vjg"ocpqt."
egtvckp"ewuvqou."yjkej"ctg"pqv"rctv"qh"vjg"eqooqp"ncy."crrn{"cu"dgvyggp"vjg"nqtf"
qh"vjg"ocpqt"cpf"vjg"vgpcpvu"qt"dgvyggp"vjg"vgpcpvu"vjgougnxgu0"
Yjgp"vjg"Etqyp"uqnf"ncpf"kv"jcf"vq"dg"jgnf"gkvjgt"ut de corona"qt"ut de honore0"
Vjg"jqnfgtu"qh"ncpfu"jgnf"ut de corona"ygtg"tgemqpgf"cu"vgpcpvu"kp"ejkgh"cpf"cu"
uwej" ygtg" uwdlgev" vq" rctvkewnct" dwtfgpu0" Jqnfgtu" qh" ncpfu" ut de honore"ygtg"
tgictfgf"cu"dgkpi"kp"vjg"ucog"rqukvkqp"cu"htggjqnf"vgpcpvu"qh"cp{"qvjgt"nqtf09:"Vjku"
crrnkgf"gswcnn{"vq"vgpcpvu"jqnfkpi"htqo"Etqyp"ocpqtu0"Eqpugswgpvn{"rwtejcugtu"
fkf"pqv"ycpv"vq"jqnf"vjgkt"ncpfu"kp"ejkgh"cpf"vjg"fgxkeg"wugf"ycu"vq"itcpv"vjgo"vq"
dg"jgnf"qwv"qh"c"Etqyp"ocpqt0"Htqo"vjg"okf/38vj"egpvwt{"oquv"ncpfu"uqnf"d{"vjg"
Etqyp"ygtg"itcpvgf"vq"dg"jgnf"qh"vjg"ocpqt"qh"Gcuv"Itggpykej"cpf"kv"jcu"dggp"
tgemqpgf"vjcv"vjgtg"ygtg"oqtg"vjcp"32.222"uwej"htggjqnfu09;"Qvjgt"Etqyp"ocpqtu"
uggo"vq"jcxg"dggp"gornq{gf"kpenwfkpi"Dctfpg{."Uy{pujgff."Nqwvj."Ujgpuvqpg."
vjg"jqpqwtu"qh"Dqnkpidtqmg"cpf"Jcorvqp"Eqwtv"cpf"vjg"ecuvng"qh"Ykpfuqt"dwv"
vjcv" ycu" nguu" eqooqp0" Vjg" ncpfu" uq" itcpvgf" kpenwfgf" vjqug" qh" fkuuqnxgf"
oqpcuvgtkgu" dwv" vjg{" eqwnf" dg" cp{" ncpfu." yjkej" jcf" eqog" kp" d{" guejgcv" qt"
hqthgkvwtg"qt"ygtg"ukorn{"rctv"qh"vjg"jgtgfkvct{"guvcvgu0"Yjgtg"ncpf"ycu"itcpvgf"
d{"vjg"Etqyp"vq"dg"jgnf"qh"vjg"ocpqt"qh"Gcuv"Itggpykej"cv"c"tgpv."vjcv"fkf"pqv"
ocmg" vjg" tgpv" rctegn" qh" vjg" ocpqt0:2" Vjg" Vgpwtgu" Cdqnkvkqp" Cev" 3882." u" 3"
eqpxgtvgf"vgpwtgu"in capite"gkvjgt"d{"mpkijv"ugtxkeg"qt"kp"uqecig"in capite"kpvq"htgg"
cpf"eqooqp"uqecig"cpf"u"6"rtqxkfgf"vjcv"pgy"vgpwtgu"ujqwnf"pqv"dg"in capite uq"
vjku"jcu"egcugf"vq"dg"tgngxcpv0"Kh"ncpfu"jgnf"ut de honore"ygtg"pqy"vq"guejgcv"vjcv"
eqwnf"vgejpkecnn{"dg"vq"vjg"ocpqt"pqv"vq"vjg"tq{cn"fgogupg0"Vjku"jcu"pq"rtcevkecn"
ukipkhkecpeg"uq"nqpi"cu"vjg"Etqyp"tgvckpu"vjg"ocpqt0"
Vgpcpvu"qh"egtvckp"ocpqtu"yjkej"dgnqpigf"vq"vjg"Etqyp"cv"vjg"vkog"qh"Fqogufc{"
Dqqm"cpf"yjkej"ygtg"mpqyp"cu"ocpqtu"qh"cpekgpv"fgogupg"wugf"vq"jcxg"urgekcn"
rtkxkngigu" gxgp" chvgt"vjg{" egcugf" vq" dg" jgnf" d{" vjg" Etqyp" dwv" vjgug" ctg" pqy"
vjqwijv"vq"dg"qduqngvg:3"vjqwij"vjg"uvcvwu"qh"dgkpi"c"vgpcpv"kp"cpekgpv"fgogupg"
oc{"uvknn"ectt{"uqog"gzgorvkqpu"htqo"cpekgpv"vqnnu0"
"
9:" Ocipc"Ectvc"3437."en"65="Gilbert’s Case *375:+"3"F{"66c."95"GT";8="Estwick’s Case *3834+"34"
Eq"Tgr"357."99"GT"36320"
9;"Gfyctf" R" Ejg{pg{." ÒVjg" Ocpqt" qh" Gcuv" Itggpykej" kp" vjg" Eqwpv{" qh" MgpvÓ" *3;27+" 33" The
American Historical Review"3."4;Î570"
:2"Morris v Smith and Paget"*37:4+"Etq"Gnk¦"5:."9:"GT"5250"
:3"Iveagh v Martin"]3;83̲"3"SD"4540"
372" Crown and Government Land"
"
Cpqvjgt"Etqyp"ocpqt"ku"vjg"ocpqt"qh"Pqtvjuvgcf."wuwcnn{"ogpvkqpgf"cnqpi"ykvj"
vjg"vjtgg"Ejknvgtp"Jwpftgfu"qh"Uvqmg."Fgudqtqwij"cpf"Dwtpjco0"Vjg"qhhkeg"qh"
uvgyctf"qt"dcknkhh"qh"vjgug"ku"tgemqpgf"vq"dg"cp"qhhkeg"qh"rtqhkv"wpfgt"vjg"Etqyp:4"
hqt" vjg"rwtrqugu" qh" Uweeguukqp" vq" vjg" Etqyp" Cev" 3929." u" 47" yjkej" cnnqygf" c"
Ogodgt"qh" Rctnkcogpv" yjq" ycu" crrqkpvgf" vq" vjg" qhhkeg" vq" tgvckp" kv" qpn{" kh" jg"
uwdokvvgf" vq" tg/gngevkqp" cpf" ycu" gngevgf0" Vjwu" c" Ogodgt" qh" vjg" Jqwug" qh"
Eqooqpu"yjq"ykujgu"vq"tgukip"yknn"crrn{"hqt"vjg"qhhkeg"qh"uvgyctf0"
Xctkqwu"rc{ogpvu."uwej"cu"swkv"tgpvu."ygtg"hqtogtn{"fwg"vq"nqtfu"qh"ocpqtu"htqo"
eqr{jqnfgtu"cpf"vjg"Etqyp"jcf"kvu"ujctg0"Qeecukqpcnn{"ukoknct"rc{ogpvu"ygtg"
fwg"htqo"htggjqnf"vgpcpvu"qh"ocpqtu"cnuq0:5"Vjgug."yjgvjgt"htggjqnf"qt"eqr{jqnf."
ygtg"gzvkpiwkujgf"wpfgt"vjg"Ncy"qh"Rtqrgtv{"Cev"3;44."u"35:*3+"cpf"wpfgt"u"363"
vjcv"dqwpf"vjg"Etqyp0"Vjg"Cev"cnuq"cdqnkujgf"vjg"tkijvu"qh"vjg"nqtf"vq"vkodgt"vtggu0"
Kv"rtgugtxgf"egtvckp"qvjgt"tkijvu."pqvcdn{"vq"okpgtcnu"*904+."dwv"vjgug"pggfgf"vq"dg"
rtqvgevgf"d{"nqfikpi"c"pqvkeg"wpfgt"vjg"Ncpf"Tgikuvtcvkqp"Cev"4224."u"3390"Kv"ku"
wpfgtuvqqf"vjcv"vjg"Etqyp"Guvcvg"fkf"nqfig"pqvkegu0:6"
:0:" CFXQYUQPU"
Etqyp"tgcn"rtqrgtv{"kpenwfgu"cfxqyuqpu."vjg"tkijv"vq"rtgugpv"cp"kpewodgpv"vq"c"
rctkuj"qh"vjg"Ejwtej"qh"Gpincpf0"Vjg"ucog"twngu"hqt"dgpghkegu"crrn{"cu"vq"qvjgt"
rcvtqpu"ykvj"okpqt"oqfkhkecvkqpu0"Etqyp"cfxqyuqpu"ygtg"uggp"cu"rcvtqpcig"pqv"
tgxgpwg/rtqfwekpi"cuugvu"cpf"uq"fkf"pqv"dgeqog"uwttgpfgtgf"tgxgpwgu0"Vjg"Nqtf"
Ejcpegnnqt"jcu"ugrctcvg"tkijvu"qh"rcvtqpcig"kp"uqog"679"rctkujgu0:7"Vjg"Rcvtqpcig"
*Dgpghkegu+"Ogcuwtg"3;:8:8"fkuvkpiwkujgu"dgvyggp"qp"vjg"qpg"jcpf"rcvtqpcigu"
yjkej"ctg"xguvgf"kp"qt"gzgtekucdng"d{"Jgt"Oclguv{."yjgvjgt"kp"tkijv"qh"Jgt"Etqyp"
qt" Jgt" Fwej{" qh" Ncpecuvgt" cpf" qp" vjg" qvjgt" vjqug" dgnqpikpi" vq" vjg" Fwej{" qh"
Eqtpycnn:9"qt"xguvgf"kp"vjg"Nqtf"Ejcpegnnqt0::"
Crctv"htqo"Etqyp"cfxqyuqpu"cu"uwej."vjgtg"wugf"vq"dg"c"twng"vjcv"kh"vjg"rcvtqp"
fkf"pqv" rtgugpv" cp" kpewodgpv" ykvjkp" c" ikxgp" rgtkqf" chvgt" vjg" dgpghkeg" dgecog"
"
:4" Vjg"Ncy"qh"Rtqrgtv{"Cev"3;44."u"364C"*cffgf"d{"vjg"Ncy"qh"Rtqrgtv{"*Cogpfogpv+"Cev"3;46."
Uej"4+0"
:5" Cp"kpuvcpeg"ku"kp"Copestake v Hoper"]3;29̲"3"Ej"5880"Tgpv"ycu"pqv"ogpvkqpgf"kp"vjg"crrgcn"
]3;2:̲"4"Ej"320"
:6" Jqwug"qh"Eqooqpu"Lwuvkeg"Eqookvvgg."Manorial Rights."Hkhvj"Tgrqtv"qh"Uguukqp"4236Î37"*44"
Lcpwct{"4237+"cv"rctc"5;="Etqyp"Guvcvg"Rtguu"Uvcvgogpv"qp"Ocpqtkcn"Tkijvu"fcvgf"52"Oc{"42360
:7" jvvru<11cuugvu0rwdnkujkpi0ugtxkeg0iqx0wm1iqxgtpogpv1wrnqcfu1u{uvgo1wrnqcfu1cvvcejogpvafcvc1"
hkng1;976541VjgaEjwtejaCrrqkpvogpvuaVgco0rfh0"
:8" Ejwtej"Ogcuwtg"3;:8150"
:9" Ugevkqp"570"
::" Ugevkqp"580"
"Incorporeal Rights" 373"
"
xcecpv"vjg"rtgugpvcvkqp"tgxgtvgf"hktuv"vq"vjg"dkujqr"cpf"vjgp."kh"jg"fkf"pqv"rtgugpv."
vq"vjg"Etqyp"kp"vjg"hqto"qh"vjg"Nqtf"Ejcpegnnqt0"Vjcv"twng"ycu"cdqnkujgf"kp"vjg"
Rcvtqpcig" *Dgpghkegu+" Ogcuwtg" 3;:8" yjkej" ukorn{" tgugtxgf" vjg" tkijv"vq" vjg"
dkujqr"dwv"kh"vjg"ugg"ku"xcecpv"vjg"tkijv"tgxgtvu"vq"vjg"Etqyp0:;"
Vjg"uvcvwvg"Rtgtqicvkxc"Tgiku"3544"qt"3546."u"39"uwrrqtvgf"d{"vjg"rtqxkuq"vq"vjg"
Etqyp"Guvcvg"Cev"3;83."u"3*8+"rtqxkfgu"vjcv"kh"vjg"Etqyp"eqpxg{u"c"ocpqt"ykvj"
kvu" crrwtvgpcpegu" vjgp" vjg{" yknn" pqv" kpenwfg" cp{" cfxqyuqpu" wpnguu" vjg{" ctg"
gzrtguun{"itcpvgf0"
:0;" OQTVICIGU"CPF"EJCTIGU"
Cu"vjg"Etqyp"jcu"ecrcekv{"vq"fq"cp{vjkpi"cpqvjgt"rgtuqp"ecp"fq."gzegrv"yjgtg""
kv"ku"rtqjkdkvgf."kv"ecp"kpxguv"kp"ugewtkv{"qp"ncpf."uwdlgev."kp"vjg"ecug"qh"oqpg{"
fgtkxgf" htqo" vczcvkqp." vq" rctnkcogpvct{" cwvjqtkucvkqp0" Vjg" Etqyp" Guvcvg"
Eqookuukqpgtu"ecp"kpxguv"kp"tgcn"cpf"ngcugjqnf"ugewtkvkgu"wpfgt"vjg"Etqyp"Guvcvg"
Cev"3;83."u"5*6+"cpf"vjg"Fwejkgu"jcxg"vjg"kpxguvogpv"rqygtu"qh"vtwuvggu"wpfgt"
vjg"Vtwuvgg"Cev"4222."Uej"4."rctcu"8"cpf"640"
:0;03" Kpjgtkvcpeg"vcz"ejctigu"
Wpfgt"vjg"Kpjgtkvcpeg"Vcz"Cev"3;:6."vcz"ku"fwg"qp"c"vtcpuhgt"qh"xcnwg"qp"vjg"fgcvj"
qh"vjg"qypgt"qh"ncpf."yjgvjgt"htggjqnf."ngcugjqnf"qt"cp"kpvgtguv"wpfgt"c"vtwuv"qh"
ncpf."cpf"kp"qvjgt"ektewouvcpegu"tgncvgf"vq"ugvvngogpvu0"Wpvkn"vjg"vcz"ku"rckf"vjgtg"
ku"cp"cwvqocvke"ejctig"wpfgt"u"459"kp"hcxqwt"qh"JO"Tgxgpwg"("Ewuvqou"qp"vjg"
rtqrgtv{"vtcpuhgttgf0"Wpfgt"u"45:*3+"kh"vjg"rtqrgtv{"ku"uqnf"cpf"kh"vjg"ejctig"ku"pqv"
tgikuvgtgf"qt"pqvgf"cv"vjg"Ncpf"Tgikuvt{"qt."kh"wptgikuvgtgf."d{"c"ncpf"ejctig"qh"
encuu"F*k+"wpfgt"vjg"Ncpf"Ejctigu"Cev"3;94."u"4*7+"vjgp"vjg"rtqrgtv{"kvugnh"egcugu"
vq"dg"uwdlgev"vq"vjg"ejctig"dwv"kv"cvvcejgu"vq"vjg"rtqeggfu0"
C"ejctig"qp"cp"kpvgtguv"wpfgt"c"vtwuv"qt"ugvvngogpv"owuv"kvugnh"dg"gswkvcdng0"Vjg"
Ncpf"Tgikuvtcvkqp"Cev"4224."u"49"rtqxkfgu"vjcv"kh"c"fkurqukvkqp"qh"c"tgikuvgtgf"
guvcvg"ku"tgswktgf"vq"dg"eqorngvgf"d{"tgikuvtcvkqp"vjgp"kv"fqgu"pqv"qrgtcvg"cv"ncy"
wpvkn" tgikuvtcvkqp" uq" vjcv" cp" wptgikuvgtgf" ejctig" qp" tgikuvgtgf"ncpf"ku"cnuq"
gswkvcdng0"Ugevkqp"49*4+*h+"crrnkgu"vjku"vq"vjg"itcpv"qh"c"ngicn"ejctig"cpf"u"49*7+"
crrnkgu"vjcv"vq"fkurqukvkqpu"d{"qrgtcvkqp"qh"ncy"*ykvj"gzegrvkqpu+0"Ugevkqp"53"fgcnu"
ykvj"Kpncpf"Tgxgpwg"ejctigu"wpfgt"u"459"qh"vjg"3;:6"Cev"yjgtg"vjg"ghhgev"ku"pqv"
"
:;" Ugg"u"57*3D+"cu"kpugtvgf"d{"vjg"Ejwtej"qh"Gpincpf"*Okuegnncpgqwu"Rtqxkukqpu+"Ogcuwtg"4236"
*Ejwtej"Ogcuwtg"423613+."u"43*4+."Uej"4"rctc";*5+"cpf"vjg"Ejwtej"qh"Gpincpf"*Okuegnncpgqwu"
Rtqxkukqpu+"Ogcuwtg"4236"*Crrqkpvgf"Fc{"Pq"4"cpf"Vtcpukvkqpcn"cpf"Ucxkpi"Rtqxkukqp+"Qtfgt"
4236"*UK"423614299+."ctv"4*4+"*ykvj"Uej."rctc"7+0"
374" Crown and Government Land"
"
fgvgtokpgf"d{"uu"4:"vq"52"yjkej"fgcn"ykvj"rtkqtkv{"cpf"rtqxkfgu"vjcv"uu"459*8+"
cpf"45:"ujcnn"crrn{"kpuvgcf"dwv"vjcv"fqgu"pqv"chhgev"vjg"qrgtcvkqp"qh"u"490"Wpfgt"
vjg"Ncpf"Tgikuvtcvkqp"Twngu"4225.;2"t":2*d+"vjg"crrnkecvkqp"qh"vjg"ejctig"vq"dg"rwv"
qp"vjg"tgikuvgt"ku"d{"citggf"pqvkeg"hqt"cp"Òkpjgtkvcpeg"vcz"pqvkegÓ"*cu"fghkpgf"kp""
t"439*3++."rtguwocdn{"nqfigf"d{"JO"Tgxgpwg"("Ewuvqou"uwrrqtvgf"d{."wpfgt""
t" :3." uwkvcdng" gxkfgpeg" wpfgt" vjg" Eqookuukqpgtu" hqt" Tgxgpwg" cpf"Ewuvqou""
Cev"4227."u"460"C"pqvkeg"ku"pqv"kvugnh"c"ejctig"cpf"qpn{"eqphgtu"rtkqtkv{"dwv"kvu"
ghhgev" ku" vjcv" c" vtcpuhgtgg" yknn" vcmg" uwdlgev" vq" kv." vq" vjg" gzvgpv" vjcv" kv" ecp" dg"
kpfgrgpfgpvn{"xcnkfcvgf0"Vjg"ghhgev"vjgtghqtg"ku"vjcv"vjku"eqpuvkvwvgu"cp"gswkvcdng"
ejctig0"Ugevkqp"459"fqgu"pqv"kvugnh"eqphgt"c"rqygt"qh"ucng"uq"gphqtegogpv"yknn"
tgswktg"cp"qtfgt"qh"vjg"eqwtv0"
:0;04" Qvjgt"ejctigu"dgpghkvkpi"vjg"Etqyp"
Vjg"Ncy"qh"Rtqrgtv{"Cev"3;47."u"3;7*6+"rtqxkfgu
C"tgeqipkucpeg." qp" dgjcnh" qh" vjg" Etqyp" qt" qvjgtykug." yjgvjgt" gpvgtgf"kpvq"
dghqtg"qt"chvgt"vjg"eqoogpegogpv"qh"vjku"Cev."cpf"cp"kpswkukvkqp"hkpfkpi"c"fgdv"
fwg"vq"vjg"Etqyp."cpf"cp{"qdnkicvkqp"qt"urgekcnkv{"ocfg"vq"qt"kp"hcxqwt"qh"vjg"
Etqyp."yjcvgxgt"oc{"jcxg"dggp"kvu"fcvg."ujcnn"pqv"qrgtcvg"cu"c"ejctig"qp"cp{"
kpvgtguv"kp"ncpf."qt"qp"vjg"wprckf"rwtejcug"oqpg{"hqt"cp{"ncpf."wpnguu"qt"wpvkn"
c"ytkv"qt"qtfgt."hqt"vjg"rwtrqug"qh"gphqtekpi"kv."ku"tgikuvgtgf"kp"vjg"tgikuvgt"qh"
ytkvu"cpf"qtfgtu"cv"vjg"Ncpf"Tgikuvt{0"
"
Vjcv"kp"vgtou"crrnkgu"vq"wptgikuvgtgf"ncpf"dwv"vjg"igpgtcn"rtqxkukqpu"qh"vjg"Ncpf"
Tgikuvtcvkqp"Cev"4224"ctg"vq"vjg"ucog"ghhgev0"
Wpfgt"vjg"hqtogt"Jgnr"vq"Dw{"Uejgog"c"hktuv/vkog"dw{gt"eqwnf"qdvckp"htqo"vjg"
JEC"*pqy"mpqyp"cu"Jqogu"Gpincpf+"c"nqcp."ugewtgf"d{"c"ugeqpf"oqtvicig"qxgt"
c" jqwug" qt" hncv" dgkpi" dqwijv0" Htqo" 53" Qevqdgt" 4244" kv" ycu" enqugf" vq" pgy"
crrnkecvkqpu"cpf"jcu"dggp"tgrncegf"d{"vjg"Jgnr"vq"Dwknf"Uejgog"qrgtcvkxg"htqo"
49" Lwpg" 42440" Vjg" Fgrctvogpv" hqt" Ngxgnnkpi" Wr." Jqwukpi"cpf" Eqoowpkvkgu"
rtqxkfgu"hwpfu"vq"vjg"JEC."cp"PFRD"pqy"mpqyp"cu"Jqogu"Gpincpf."yjkej"kp"
vwtp"wpfgt"vjg"Jqwukpi"cpf"Tgigpgtcvkqp"Cev"422:."u"3;"rtqxkfgu"hwpfkpi"hqt"c"
ugnh/dwknfgt"qh"c"jqog"vq"jcxg"c"nqcp."ugewtgf"d{"c"oqtvicig"qxgt"vjg"jqwug"dgkpi"
dwknv0" Vjg" oqtvicig" kvugnh" yknn" dg" itcpvgf" cpf" cfokpkuvgtgf" d{" c" eqoogtekcn"
ngpfgt0"Dqvj"uejgogu"ctg"eqooqpn{"tghgttgf"vq"cu"gswkv{"oqtvicigu0"Vjcv"ku"c"
okupqogtkvcdng"kpvgtguvu"
dwv"ngicn"oqtvicigu"qh"cp"coqwpv"yjkej"ecp"xct{"fgrgpfkpi"qp"vjg"octmgv"xcnwg"
qh"vjg"rtqrgtv{"htqo"vkog"vq"vkog"kp"vjg"gswkv{"kp"vjg"jqwug0"Vjg"vgto"Ògswkv{Ó"kp"
vjku"eqpvgzv"ku"c"jcpi/qxgt"htqo"vjg"rtg/3;48"ncy"yjgtgd{"vjg"ngicn"guvcvg"ycu"
"
;2" UK"4225136390"
"Incorporeal Rights" 375"
"
xguvgf"kp"vjg"oqtvicigg"cpf"vjg"qypgt"qpn{"jcf"cp"gswkvcdng"tkijv"qh"tgfgorvkqp"
ykvj"vjg"fgrctvogpvcn"cpf"Jqogu"Gpincpf"hwpfkpi"ugewtgf"wpfgt"vjg"eqoogtekcn"
oqtvicig0"
:0;05" Ejctigu"qp"Etqyp"Ncpf"
C"oqtvicig"eqphgtu."cpf"c"ejctig"oc{"eqphgt."c"rqygt"qh"ucng"qp"vjg"oqtvicigg"
qt"ejctigg"uq"wpfgt"vjg"Etqyp"Ncpfu"Cev"3924"gzrtguu"uvcvwvqt{"cwvjqtkv{"yqwnf"
dg" pggfgf" vq" gpewodgt" Etqyp" ncpf0" Cu" vjg" iqxgtpogpv" ecp" wug" vczcvkqp" cpf"
wpugewtgf"dqttqykpi"vq"tckug"oqpg{"kv"fqgu"pqv"pggf"vq"oqtvicig"kvu"ncpf"hqt"vjcv"
rwtrqug0"Vjg"Fwej{"qh"Eqtpycnn"Ocpcigogpv"Cev"3;:4."u"5"eqphgtu"rqygt"vq"
ejctig"egtvckp"nqcpu"qp"Fwej{"rtqrgtv{0"
Uqogvkogu" ncpf" eqogu" vq" vjg" Etqyp" uwdlgev" vq" uwdukuvkpi" ejctigu0;3"Qp"c"
eqorwnuqt{" ceswkukvkqp" oqtvicigu" yknn" pqtocnn{" dg" fkuejctigf" wpfgt" vjg"
Eqorwnuqt{"Rwtejcug"Cev"3;87."u"360"Ncpf"kp"pgicvkxg"gswkv{"ku"qhvgp"tgictfgf"
cu" qpgtqwu" cpf" guejgcvu" qp" fkuenckogt" kp" yjkej" ecug" vjg" Etqyp" Guvcvg"
Eqookuukqpgtu"yknn"ngcxg"kv"vq"vjg"oqtvicigg"vq"ugnn"cpf"tgvckp"vjg"rtqeggfu0"
Vjg"Nqecn"Ncpf"Ejctigu"Cev"3;97"dkpfu"vjg"Etqyp"d{"u"42*4+"dwv"vjcv"fqgu"pqv"
d{"kvugnh"ocmg"cp{"ncpf"qypgf"d{."qt"qeewrkgf"hqt"vjg"rwtrqugu"qh."vjg"Etqyp"
uwdlgev"vq"c"ejctig"*yjkej"ecp"kpenwfg"c"tguvtkevkqp"qt"qdnkicvkqp+"kh."crctv"htqo"
vjcv"Cev."kv"yqwnf"pqv"dg"uq"uwdlgev="kh"uwej"c"ejctig"ycu"tgikuvgtgf"cickpuv"Etqyp"
ncpf"kv"yqwnf"dg"pgeguuct{"vq"ejgem"vjg"uvcvwvqt{"cwvjqtkv{"hqt"vjg"ejctig"vq"ugg"kh"
kv"dkpfu"vjg"Etqyp0"
"
"
"
;3"Ugg" Casberd v Attorney-General" *3:3;+" 8" Rtkeg" 633." 368" GT" :72=" Hodge v Attorney-
General"*3:5;+"5"["("E"Gz"564."382"GT"956."fkuewuugf"cv"32060"Cnuq"Bartlett v Rees"*3:93+"NT"
34"Gs"5;70"

Get this document and AI-powered insights with a free trial of vLex and Vincent AI

Get Started for Free

Unlock full access with a free 7-day trial

Transform your legal research with vLex

  • Complete access to the largest collection of common law case law on one platform

  • Generate AI case summaries that instantly highlight key legal issues

  • Advanced search capabilities with precise filtering and sorting options

  • Comprehensive legal content with documents across 100+ jurisdictions

  • Trusted by 2 million professionals including top global firms

  • Access AI-Powered Research with Vincent AI: Natural language queries with verified citations

vLex

Unlock full access with a free 7-day trial

Transform your legal research with vLex

  • Complete access to the largest collection of common law case law on one platform

  • Generate AI case summaries that instantly highlight key legal issues

  • Advanced search capabilities with precise filtering and sorting options

  • Comprehensive legal content with documents across 100+ jurisdictions

  • Trusted by 2 million professionals including top global firms

  • Access AI-Powered Research with Vincent AI: Natural language queries with verified citations

vLex

Unlock full access with a free 7-day trial

Transform your legal research with vLex

  • Complete access to the largest collection of common law case law on one platform

  • Generate AI case summaries that instantly highlight key legal issues

  • Advanced search capabilities with precise filtering and sorting options

  • Comprehensive legal content with documents across 100+ jurisdictions

  • Trusted by 2 million professionals including top global firms

  • Access AI-Powered Research with Vincent AI: Natural language queries with verified citations

vLex

Unlock full access with a free 7-day trial

Transform your legal research with vLex

  • Complete access to the largest collection of common law case law on one platform

  • Generate AI case summaries that instantly highlight key legal issues

  • Advanced search capabilities with precise filtering and sorting options

  • Comprehensive legal content with documents across 100+ jurisdictions

  • Trusted by 2 million professionals including top global firms

  • Access AI-Powered Research with Vincent AI: Natural language queries with verified citations

vLex

Unlock full access with a free 7-day trial

Transform your legal research with vLex

  • Complete access to the largest collection of common law case law on one platform

  • Generate AI case summaries that instantly highlight key legal issues

  • Advanced search capabilities with precise filtering and sorting options

  • Comprehensive legal content with documents across 100+ jurisdictions

  • Trusted by 2 million professionals including top global firms

  • Access AI-Powered Research with Vincent AI: Natural language queries with verified citations

vLex

Unlock full access with a free 7-day trial

Transform your legal research with vLex

  • Complete access to the largest collection of common law case law on one platform

  • Generate AI case summaries that instantly highlight key legal issues

  • Advanced search capabilities with precise filtering and sorting options

  • Comprehensive legal content with documents across 100+ jurisdictions

  • Trusted by 2 million professionals including top global firms

  • Access AI-Powered Research with Vincent AI: Natural language queries with verified citations

vLex

VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. If you click on 'Accept' or continue browsing this site we consider that you accept our cookie policy. ACCEPT