Measuring residential segregation in multi‐ethnic and unequal European cities
| Published date | 01 April 2023 |
| Author | Federico Benassi,Alessia Naccarato,Ricardo Iglesias‐Pascual,Luca Salvati,Salvatore Strozza |
| Date | 01 April 2023 |
| DOI | http://doi.org/10.1111/imig.13018 |
International Migration. 2023;61:341–361.
|
341
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/imig
Received: 6 Sept ember 2021
|
Revised: 13 Februa ry 2022
|
Accepted: 12 Apri l 2022
DOI: 10 .1111/imig .13018
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Measuring residential segregation in multi- ethnic
and unequal European cities
Federico Benassi1 | Alessia Naccarato2 | Ricardo Iglesias- Pascual3 |
Luca Salvati4 | Salvatore Strozza5
© 2022 The Auth ors. International Migration published by John W iley & Sons Ltd on behalf o f International Or ganization for
Migration.
1Italian Nati onal Institute of St atistics (Istat ),
Rome, Italy
2Roma Tre Universit y, Rome, Italy
3Universida d Pablo de Olavide, S evilla,
Spain
4Sapienza Uni versity of Rome, Rom e, Italy
5Universit y of Naples Federico I I, Naples,
Italy
Correspondence
Ricardo Igl esias- Pascual, Univer sidad Pablo
de Olavide, Edi ficio nº 2, Ctra. de Utr era,
km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Sp ain.
Email: riglpas@upo.es
Funding information
Ministry of E conomy, Industry an d
Competiti veness of the Spanish
Government , Grant/Award Numbe r:
RTI2018- 095325- B- I00; Universidad Pab lo
de Olavide/CBUA
Abstract
Immigration flows and social inequalities reflect increased
social and multi- ethnic segregation in contemporary urban
Europe. For a better underst anding of these processes, the
present stu dy investigates the main s trengths of the multi-
group residential indices, testing sensitivity and reliability
under different m etropolitan contexts in fi ve Eu ropean
countries. These indices focus on differ ent re search di-
mensions and approach multi- group residential segrega-
tion conceptuall y and mathematically i n a different way. A
multivariate explor atory data analysis was adopted to clas-
sify the obser ved segregation patterns into a few homoge-
neous ty pes and to de lineate the multivar iate relationship
between the i ndices. The results of prin cipal compone nt
analysis demonstrate that the indices assessing uniform-
ity and disproportionality of the social groups analysed (H
and D) contribute largely to the diversification in today's
multi- ethnic communities, clar ifying the importan ce of the
dimension of evenness. Our results hig hlight how segrega-
tion is more evident in econ omically disadvantaged metro-
politan regions wit h high levels of social vulnerability.
This is an open ac cess article und er the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which
permits us e and distributio n in any medium, provid ed the original wor k is properly cited , the use is non-comme rcial and no
modificat ions or adaptatio ns are made.
342
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BENASS I Et Al.
INTRODUCTION
The social inte gration of the growing im migrant fl ows and promotion of mor e cohesive and inclusive s ocieties
are majo r challenges facing Europ e today (Smi th, 2019). Earlier s tudies have analysed how recent ineq ualities in
wealth and income within adva nced societies (Malmberg & Clark, 2021; Yao et al., 2019), increasing ethnic diversity
(Catney, 2016; Logan & Zhang, 2010 ; Zwiers et al., 2018), and unbalanced international and interregional migra-
tion flows (C iommi et al., 2018 ; Cuadrad o- Ciuraneta et al., 2 017; Di Feli ciantonio et al., 2 018), all play key roles in
metropolit an transformatio ns (Czaika & D e Haas, 2014 ; Panori et al., 2019 ; Portes , 2000). These challenge s have
brought the relationship between integration, social and ethnic segregation, and their intrinsic measurement, to the
forefront of the political and social agendas in European count ries (Coulter & Clark, 2019; Piekut et al., 2019). E arlie r
studies on the soc ial repercussion s of living in segregated social set tings (e.g. Badanta et al., 2021; Casey, 2016)
delineat e the importan ce of class and ethnic se gregation. They also point out the int rinsic associati on of social seg-
regation with economic advantages (Kaplan, 1998; Peach, 1996 ; Portes & Manning, 1986; van Kemp en & Ozu ekren ,
1998). M ore recent works have documented the n egative impact of r esidential segregat ion, arguing how t he resi-
dential segregati on of minority group s leads to a set of negative effects (i.e. Char les, 2003; Sampson et al., 2008). In
particular, a high level of residential segregation reinforces the social exclusion of certain groups, and is detrimental
to social cohesion ( Amin, 2002; Peterson, 20 17; Putnam, 20 07; Sturgis at al., 20 14; van Ham & Manley, 2010 ).
Additional studies arg ue that geogr aphical dispe rsion, and thus less se gregation, doe s not ensure a broader
(cultural or social) integratio n, nor a greater sense of belonging to the host society (Wright & Ellis, 2000). Assuming
that segr egation reflec ts social i nequalities ( Yao et al., 2 019), the notions of segregation and integratio n largely
depend on the particu lar social group under investigation (Kr ysan et al., 2017). A refined analysis of social changes
in specific economic contexts will contribute towards delineating the relationship between ethnic segregation and
the design of inclusive p olicies (Allen et al., 2004; Hochstenbach & Musterd, 2018; Iglesias- Pascual et al., 2 019;
Johnston et al., 2014). In this regard, expanding immig ration flows and rising economic inequa lities have produced
a generalized incr ease in social segregation in Eu ropean cities (Lymperopou lou & Finney, 2017; Monkkonen et al.,
2018; Tammaru et al., 2016, 2017). Earli er studies have pointed out the limitations of cl assical residentia l segre-
gation app roaches since the y do not usually consider the ba ckground context (Bolt et al., 2010). However, mea-
surement tools that allow for a more accu rate analysis of the multi- et hnic dimension of society (Krame r & Kramer,
2019; Reardo n & Firebaugh, 2002; Yao et al., 2019) and its relationship with the demo graphic and socio- ec onomic
dimensions (Benassi, Iglesias- Pascual, et al., 2020; Finney et al ., 2015) will help t o provide us with the necessary
knowledge abou t the current ethnic segre gation in European societ ies.
The present study contributes to such challenging issues with a refined analysis of statistical data derived from D4I
- Integration of migrants i n cities (T into ri et al ., 2018), a da ta cha lle nge in itia tive promo ted by the Eur opea n Com miss ion.
More specifically, our work investigates (and compa res the fit of) multi- group segregation i ndices at the leve l of
metropolit an Functional Urban A reas (hereafter ‘FUA’) on reg ular lattice data (g rid) for selected Euro pean countries
(Germany, Ireland , Spain, the Nether lands and United Kingd om). These are a subset of t he countries involved in the
D4I data ch allen ge tha t defin e thei r migra nt pop ulat ions wi th the s ame cri teri on (i.e . count ry of bi rth) . We beli eve tha t
by selecting these countri es, we can analyse the main models of welfare regimes and housing systems that have been
prominent in the ac ademic debate on the residenti al segregation of immigrant s in Europe (Arbaci, 2019).
Two- group indice s assess phenomena occur ring when a given group (usuall y the minority group) is not dis trib-
uted spatially in a si milar way with respect to an other (usually the majorit y group). In contrast, mul ti- group indices
approach residential segregation as a phenomenon which concerns all the population groups which reside in a
given area simultaneously (Reardon & Firebaugh, 2002). Acco rding to the mos t recen t liter atur e, two- gro up indi ces
are ineffective in representing contempor ary societies with multiple population gro ups (identified through eth-
nicity, race, relig ion and citizenship) which coexi st within the same context (B enassi, Iglesias- Pascual, et al., 2020).
Based on these premises, our study has three main aims. The first is to identify appa rent and latent information
from a comprehensive set of multi- group reside ntial indices using a multivariate analysis to classify segregation
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