The Legal Factors of the Problem of Environmental Protection
| Author | E.I. Groisman |
| DOI | 10.1177/002085237904500113 |
| Date | 01 March 1979 |
| Published date | 01 March 1979 |
| Subject Matter | Articles |
iv
aware
of
the
computer-quality
relationship
and
thought
that
it
was
positive.
There
were
also
a
good
number
of
dissatisfied
detractors
whose
role
had
been
diminished
by
informatics
or
upon
whom
it
had
been
forced.
The
case
of
the
National
Pension
Fund
showed
that
computerization
had
improved
the
quality
of
service
and
reduced
the
number
of
errors,
but
that
the
recipients
were
totally
un-
aware
of
the
change.
How
informatics
affects
the
administration-
citizen
relationship
Individual
citizens
have
been
dealt
with
above.
This
section
refers
to
enterprises,
whose
views
are
fairly
similar.
The
adminis-
trative
authorities
are
a
necessary
evil
and,
with
a few
exceptions,
put
up
with
impatiently.
Thet
administration-citizen
relationship
is
ill-
perceived
in
terms
of
quality
of
public
service,
and
judged
by
the
politeness
of
officials
or
by
whether
assistance
is
granted
or
refused.
No
computer-quality
relationship
is
commented
on;
except
when
computerization
is
visible
to
the
respondent,
for
instance
if
there
are
term-
inals
in
a
finance
organization.
Among
politicians,
the
subject
is
topical,
and
there
is
frequent
talk
of
better
information,
openness,
effective
participation,
and
the
like,
but
much
more
talk
than
do.
The
administra-
tion-citizen
relationship
is
considered
to
have
no
effect
on
the
quality
of
public
administra-
tion
and
to
be
only
slightly
connected
with
computerization.
The
administrators
questioned
believe
that
direct
bureaucratic
relations
with
the
public
ought
to
be
humanized,
and
that
successful
computerization
leads
to
more
effective
and
satisfactory
public
service.
They
are
usually
better
informed
than
citizens
or
politicians,
but
their
attitudes
remain
unclear
because
they
fail
to
see
the
connection
between
better
service
and
improved
administration-citizen
relation-
ship.
An
illustration
is
provided
by
certain
health
insurance
~companies
whose
local
agents
used
to
maintain
direct
contacts
with
their
clients.
Computerization
in
such
cases
has
been
much
debated
because
the
centralization
it
implies
has
also
led
to
depersonalization
and
slower
service.
Plem,irks
The
observations
made
in
the
survey
should
wot
be
generalized
in
time
or
space,
and
no
definite
c.onclusions
should
be
drawn
from
i
them.
There
is
a
tremendous
gap
between
’
the
actual
achievements
of
informatics
in
the
i
public
sector
and
the
way
they
are
described.
I,
Owing
to
the
prevalent
ignorance
and
obvious
/
lack
of
interest,
there
is
a
dialogue
of the
deaf.
That
is
why
the
connection
between
inform-
j
atics,
quality
of
service,
and
administration-
j
citizen
relations
is
little
realized.
A
more
real-
j
istic
approach
to
the
question
may,
neverthe-
less,
sometimes
be
observed.
It
is
usually
cen-
tred
on
power
relationships,
with
informatics
occasionally
altering
the
balance
between
politicians,
administrators,
certain
members
of
j
both
groups,
or
the
State
and
the
citizen.
In
that
case
the
change
is
more
clearly
perceived
/
by
a
few
persons.
/
The
final
impression
is
that
there
is
a
vast
misunderstanding,
since
the
changes
made
by
/
computerization
are
not
generally
felt.
The
question
is
whether
we
are
in
the
Computer
Age
without
noticing
the
fact,
or
whether
it
has
not
started.
The
Legal
Factors
of
the
Problem
of
Environmental
Protection
E.I.
GROISMAN
The
subject
is
here
viewed
broadly
so
as
to
include
the
defence
and
improvement
of
the
environment
for
the
sake
of
the
quality
of
life,
with
special
reference
to
national
mea-
sures
for
that
purpose.
As
regards
administrative
law,
it
is
not
enough
to
have
sound
legislation
or
even
spe-
cialized
institutions,
since
it
is
also
necessary
that
the
legislation
should
be
applied
and
that
the
institutions
should
function,
which
is
not
always
the
case
in
practice.
Apart
from
the
administrative
machinery,
legal
penalties,
and
campaigns
to
arouse
citizen
awareness,
certain
features
are
peculiar
to
pollution.
These
in-
clude
the
serious
and
lasting
damage
that
may
be
incurred
and
the
difficulty
of
evaluating
it.
Uncertainty
of
jurisdiction
also
occurs,
since
pollution
is
sometimes
international.
The
es-
tablishment
of
a
system
of
financial
compen-
sation,
which
would
provide
the
normal
legal
-remedy,
is
very
difficult
or
impracticable
and
is
inadequate
in
extreme
cases.
Prevention
should
therefore
be
preferred
to
repression.
The
economic
factors
should
also
be
taken
into
account.
Though
certain
important
industries
cause
pollution,
however
much
it
may
be
re-
duced,
they
can
scarcely
be
abolished.
A
com-
promise
has
to
be
made
by
tempering
the
regulations
for
economic
and
social
reasons.
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