The model of distribution of human and machine labor at intellectual production in industry 4.0

Pages601-622
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-11-2019-0257
Published date28 April 2020
Date28 April 2020
AuthorAgnessa O. Inshakova,Evgenia E. Frolova,Ekaterina P. Rusakova,Sergey I. Kovalev
Subject MatterAccounting & Finance,Organizational structure/dynamics,Knowledge management,Accounting/accountancy
The model of distribution of human
and machine labor at intellectual
production in industry 4.0
Agnessa O. Inshakova
Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russian Federation
Evgenia E. Frolova
Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government
of the Russian Federation, Moskva, Russian Federation and
RUDN University, Moscow, Russian Federation, and
Ekaterina P. Rusakova and Sergey I. Kovalev
RUDN University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the paper is to develop a model of distribution of human and machine labor at
intellectual production in Industry 4.0.
Design/methodology/approach The basis of the methodology of the research is regression analysis. The
analyzed variables are independent variablesthat characterize the level of development of human and machine
labor in the economy of a country; dependent variables that reflect the effectiveness of the production,
marketing and innovative business processes in the economy of country according to The Global
Competitiveness Report(World Economic Forum); and dependent variables, which show the share of the
sphere (agriculture, mining industry, processing industry and service sphere) in the structure of GDP of a
country according to the statistics of the World Bank. For determining the change of regression dependencies
in dynamics in the interests of reduction of the probability of statistical error, the research is conducted for 2010
and 2018 with application of trend analysis.
Findings Based on the full selection of modern countries that conduct digital modernization, the authors
determine statistical dependencies of effectiveness of business processes and development of the spheres of
economy on the intensity of application of machine and human labor. This allowed determining significant
differences in automatization of business processes: perspectives of application of machine labor are the widest
in production and the narrowest in marketing, differentiated logic of organization of intellectual production in
different spheres of economy and the specificsof automatization of business processes and spheres of economy
in countries of different categories, one of which has to be taken into account during organization of intellectual
production in Industry 4.0.
Originality/value The developed model of opt imal distribution of h uman and machine labor at
intellectual product ion in Industry 4.0 will allow reduc ing disproportions in effec tiveness of different
business processes, development of different spheres of economy and growth rate of developed and
developing countries . This explains its cont ribution into provisi on of well-balanced deve lopment of the
modern global economic s ystem.
Keywords Human labor, Machine labor, Intellectual production, Industry 4.0
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
Technological breakthrough, which took place recently in the global economy within its
digital modernization, leads to transition to Industry 4.0. This transition will ensure multiple
advantages for the modern socioeconomic systems. One of them is growth of labor efficiency.
Distribution of
human and
machine labor
model
601
The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project No 18-29-16132 Priorities for
the legal development of digital technologies of foreign trade activities in the context of international
economic integration.
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at:
https://www.emerald.com/insight/1469-1930.htm
Received 11 November 2019
Revised 31 December 2019
Accepted 21 January 2020
Journal of Intellectual Capital
Vol. 21 No. 4, 2020
pp. 601-622
© Emerald Publishing Limited
1469-1930
DOI 10.1108/JIC-11-2019-0257
It grew substantially due to the start of conveyor production in early 20th century, within the
Third Industrial Revolution; similarly, the Fourth (digital) Industrial Revolution will also
ensure wide accessibility of previously deficit products.
However, here we speak not of simple satisfaction of public needs with the help of
standardizedgoods but of satisfaction of the specificneeds of each consumer. AI management
will allow for mass production of unique industrial goods by individual orders, based on the
modified (with the help of manipulators and robots) production process. This will allow for
scale effect(optimization of spending of resources) from execution of individualorders.
Another advantage is connected to complex implementation of the global goals in the
sphere of sustainable development. High-precision (including nano-technological) production
will allow reducing spending of resources in industry. Automatization will allow receiving
and using new types of construction materials with prominent technical (e.g. strength,
flexibility) and ecological (safety of production waste and consumption for the environment)
attributes, whose application has been restrained by the risks for life and health of industrial
workers, but whose functions could be performed by digital machines that are integrated into
the cyber-physical systems combinations of technical devices and communications means
(and, possibly, live organisms).
The third advantage is a vivid acceleration of the rate of economic growth and innovative
development of economic systems based on new vectors of growth hi-tech in industry (e.g.
space, pharmaceutical and optical industries) and hi-tech segments of other spheres such as
hi-tech financial services (FinTech), hi-tech education (EdTech), hi-tech agriculture
(Agriculture 4.0), e-commerce and e-government.
The basis of attraction of all the above advantages is intellectual production, for which
human (digital personnel) and machine (AI, robototronics, etc.) labor will be used. Despite
the general acknowledgment of the necessity for formation of machine production, a
serious barrier here is unsolved organizational issues. The problem of this research is
connected to the uncertainty of the limits of automatization of business processes and a lack
of clarity of the logic of distribution of human and machine labor at intellectual production
in Industry 4.0.
This problem reduces the investment attractiveness and decreases the inflow of financial
resources into the projects on organization of intellectual production, thus slowing down the
transition to Industry 4.0. Secondly, it causes opposition to Industry 4.0 due to expectations of
a crisis in the labor market as a result of mass unemployment. Thirdly, it hinders the social
adaptation and achievement of high effectiveness of state regulation of transition to Industry
4.0 through training and advanced training of personnel, due to absence of a clear idea of the
professions that will be in demand in Industry 4.0.
The working hypothesis of the research is that the limits of automatization and logic of
distribution of human and machine labor at intellectual production in Industry 4.0 are specific
not only for different business processes but also for different spheres of economy, as well as
different categories of countries. Thus, the purpose of this research is to develop a model of
distribution of human and machine labor at intellectual production in Industry 4.0. The set
goal determines the structure of the research, in the course of which the following research
questions are considered:
RQ1. Which business processes are more susceptible to automatization and which
business processes provide socioeconomic advantages from intellectual production
in Industry 4.0?
RQ2. In which spheres of economy the perspectives of automatization are the widest?
What are the sectorial specifics of organization of intellectual production?
JIC
21,4
602

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