The Queen (on the application of Ngole) v The University of Sheffield
| Jurisdiction | England & Wales |
| Judge | Lord Justice Irwin,Lord Justice Haddon-Cave,Sir Jack Beatson |
| Judgment Date | 03 July 2019 |
| Neutral Citation | [2019] EWCA Civ 1127 |
| Court | Court of Appeal (Civil Division) |
| Docket Number | Case No: C1/2017/3073 |
| Date | 03 July 2019 |
[2019] EWCA Civ 1127
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION)
ON APPEAL FROM THE QUEEN'S BENCH DIVISION
ADMINISTRATIVE COURT
Rowena Collins Rice (Sitting as a Deputy High Court Judge)
Insert Lower Court NC Number Here
Royal Courts of Justice
Strand, London, WC2A 2LL
Lord Justice Irwin
Lord Justice Haddon-Cave
and
Sir Jack Beatson
Case No: C1/2017/3073
Paul Diamond (instructed by Direct Access) for the Appellant
Sarah Hannett (instructed by Pinsent Masons LLP) for the Respondent
Hearing dates: 12–13 March 2019
Approved Judgment
Introduction
This case concerns the expression of religious views, on a public social media platform, disapproving of homosexual acts, by a student, enrolled on a two-year MA Social Work course at the University of Sheffield (“the University”).
The social work profession is regulated by the Health and Care Professions Council (“HCPC”), a statutory body established by the Health and Social Work Professions Order 2001 SI 2002 No. 254 (“HSWPO”) to regulate a range of professional services provided in the health and social work sectors. The regulatory framework extends to students like the Appellant, who are on accredited courses which are not purely academic courses but ones which, on successful completion, lead to registration and professional practice as social workers. The HCPC's Code of Conduct applies to practitioners, providers of accredited courses and students, and includes guidance as to the use of social media. The regulatory framework is set out in detail below.
Upon being notified of the postings upon social media, the University, the Appellant's course provider, embarked upon disciplinary proceedings and took the decision to remove the Appellant from his course, on fitness to practise grounds. The Appellant sought judicial review of this decision on the basis that (i) it was an unlawful interference with his rights under Articles 9 and 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (“ECHR”), as given effect by the Human Rights Act 1998, and (ii) the decision was arbitrary and unfair. Ms Rowena Collins Rice, sitting as Deputy High Court Judge, promulgated a judgment on 27 October 2017, which dismissed the Appellant's judicial review challenge. The Appellant appeals her decision.
This is the judgment of the Court, to which we have all contributed.
Summary of conclusions
We disagree with the judge's decision and allow the appeal. The University's disciplinary proceedings were flawed in a number of respects:
(1) The University adopted a position from the outset of the disciplinary proceedings which was untenable: namely, that any expression of disapproval of same-sex relations (however mildly expressed) on a public social media or other platform which could be traced back to the person making it, was a breach of the professional guidelines. The University's stance was not, however, in accordance with the relevant HCPC professional code and guidelines.
(2) The HCPC professional code and guidelines did not prohibit the use of social media to share personal views and opinions, but simply said that the University might have to take action “if the comments posted were offensive, for example if they were racist or sexually explicit”.
(3) The Appellant immediately reacted (to what he saw as an unwarranted blanket ban by the University on him expressing his religious views in any public forum) by himself adopting a position which was equally untenable: namely, that the University had no business in interfering with his freedom of expression and it was his right to express his religious views and he would continue to do so just as before, whatever the disciplinary consequences. The Appellant's reaction, whilst perhaps understandable, was also not in accordance with the relevant HCPC professional code and guidelines.
(4) The right to freedom of expression is not an unqualified right: professional bodies and organisations are entitled to place reasonable and proportionate restrictions on those subject to their professional codes; and, just because a belief is said to be a religious belief, does not give a person subject to professional regulation the right to express such beliefs in any way he or she sees fit.
(5) It will be apparent, therefore, that both sides adopted extreme and polarised positions from the outset, which meant that the disciplinary proceedings got off on the wrong track.
(6) At no stage, did the University make it clear to the Appellant that it was the manner and language in which he had expressed his views that was the real problem, and in particular that his use of Biblical terms such as ‘wicked’ and ‘abomination’ was liable to be understood by many users of social services as extreme and offensive. Further, at no stage did the University discuss or give the Appellant any guidance as to how he might more appropriately express his religious views in a public forum, or make it clear that his theological views about homosexuality were no bar to his practising as a social worker, provided those views did not affect his work or mean he would or could discriminate.
(7) The University quickly formed the view that the Appellant had become “extremely entrenched” and that he lacked “insight” into the effect that his actions in posting his views on social media would have. This led the University rapidly to conclude that a mere warning was insufficient and that the Appellant's fitness to practice was irredeemably impaired and, therefore, only the extreme sanction of suspension from his course was appropriate.
(8) The University failed to appreciate two matters. First, failing to appreciate that the Appellant's apparent intransigence was an understandable reaction by a student to being told something that he found incomprehensible, namely that he could never express his deeply held religious views in any manner on any public forum. Second, failing to appreciate that a blanket ban on the expression of views was not in accordance with the relevant HCPC professional code or guidance. In these senses, it was the University and its processes which could be said to lack insight.
(9) It was, in fact, the University itself which became entrenched. First, by failing even to explore the possibility of finding middle ground, despite this being suggested by Pastor Omooba, who accompanied the Appellant at the disciplinary proceedings. Second, by unfairly putting the onus entirely upon the Appellant to demonstrate that he did have “insight” and could mend his ways.
(10) The University wrongly confused the expression of religious views with the notion of discrimination. The mere expression of views on theological grounds ( e.g. that ‘homosexuality is a sin’) does not necessarily connote that the person expressing such views will discriminate on such grounds. In the present case, there was positive evidence to suggest that the Appellant had never discriminated on such grounds in the past and was not likely to do so in the future (because, as he explained, the Bible prohibited him from discriminating against anybody).
(11) The University gave different and confusing reasons for suspending the Appellant. Initially, it was said (by the Fitness to Practice Committee) that he lacked “insight” into how his NBC postings might affect his ability to carry out “his role as a social worker”; and subsequently it was said (by the Appeals Committee) that he lacked “insight” into how his NBC postings “may negatively affect the public's view of the social work profession”. Further, at no stage during the process or the hearings did the University properly put either concern as to perception to the Appellant during the hearings.
(12) The University's approach to sanction was, in any event, disproportionate: instead of exploring and imposing a lesser penalty, such as a warning, the University imposed the extreme penalty of dismissing the Appellant from his course, which was inappropriate in all the circumstances.
For the reasons given in para 5 the disciplinary proceedings were flawed and unfair to the Appellant.
The Facts
The Appellant is a devout Christian for whom the Bible is the authoritative word of God. On 22 September 2014, he enrolled as a mature student on the MA Social Work course at the University. As explained above, successful completion of this course would have led to registration and practice as a qualified social worker. As part of his course, the Appellant had already completed one practice placement, which brought him into direct contact with service users. He was due to undertake his second placement in the second year of the course.
Upon enrolment on the course in September 2014, the Appellant signed a 20-point Student Entry Agreement confirming that he had accessed and read the HCPC's student guidance on standards of conduct and ethics; would strive to conform to the HCPC's expectations as set out there; at all times ensure that his behaviour does not compromise the public trust in the profession or in the University of Sheffield; not allow his views about a person's lifestyle, culture, beliefs, race, ethnicity, colour, gender, sexuality, age, social status or perceived economic status to prejudice his interaction with service users, university and practice teaching staff or colleagues; and that his conduct will reflect the standards expected of him, both as a student of the University of Sheffield and a prospective member of the social work profession. By signing the agreement, the Claimant also agreed:
“14. My conduct will reflect the standards expected of me, both as a student at the University of Sheffield and a prospective member of the social work profession and I will be mindful of the fact that my conduct outside the programme of study may compromise my entitlement to...
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