U.S.-UK FTA Negotiations: A Primer on Labor Agenda

AuthorRonald C. Brown
PositionProfessor Ronald C. Brown, University of Hawaii Law School, Honolulu, Hawaii
Pages245-279
๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€ท๎€ค๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎ตพ๎ถ€๎ถˆ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ตบ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎ถŒ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎ถ‹๎ถ‚๎ถ†๎ตพ๎ถ‹๎€ƒ๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎ตบ๎ตป๎ถˆ๎ถ‹๎€ƒ
๎€ค๎ถ€๎ตพ๎ถ‡๎ตฝ๎ตบ
Ronald C. Brown*
ABSTRACT
With Brexit completed and the UKโ€™s conditions of separation from the EU pending,
there is some anticipation for a U.S.-UK FTA. But then there is the Pandemic and
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎“๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎™๎„๎•๎Œ๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎’๎‘๎„๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎˜๎๎“๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎’๎•๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎€ญ๎’๎‹๎‘๎–๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎ƒ€๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ
of the residual binding obligations of the UK-EU separation agreement and possible
UK-EU FTA, which may cause some pause. Identifying the negotiating agenda of
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎…๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎–๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎ƒ€๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎„๎–๎Œ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎‰๎•๎’๎๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎„๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎•๎œ๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎†๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€ท๎€ค๎–๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ถ๎€ฐ๎€ฆ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ
๎’๎…๎๎Œ๎Š๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎€จ๎€ท๎€ค๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€บ๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎Ž๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎“๎„๎•๎Œ๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎—๎š๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ
each countryโ€™s current labor laws on these issues to identify possible emerging areas
๎‘๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎‰๎˜๎•๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎†๎Ž๎Š๎•๎’๎˜๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€๎€จ๎€ธ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€ท๎€ค๎€ƒ
(TTIP) which will set standards and obligations for the UK which can be relevant
๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€ท๎€ค๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎๎๎’๎š๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎„๎๎œ๎–๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎Ž๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ
outcomes on these labor issues and the U.S.-UK FTA. Although the future cannot be
predicted, it can be prepared for.
KEYWORDS
U.S.-UK FTA, U.S.-U.K. FTA Agenda for Labor Provisions, Post-Brexit UK FTA
with U.S., UK-U.S. FTA Social Dimension Provisions
CONTENTS
๎€ฅ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎ˆ๎Š๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎—๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎€”๎€“๎€‹๎€•๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€”๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ง๎€ฒ๎€ฌ๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€“๎€‘๎€•๎€—๎€š๎€›๎€’๎…๎๎„๎๎–๎€๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€“๎€๎€“๎€“๎€•๎€•
ยฉ 2021 Ronald C. Brown, published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License.
* ๎€ณ๎•๎’๎‰๎ˆ๎–๎–๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ต๎’๎‘๎„๎๎‡๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎•๎’๎š๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎„๎š๎„๎Œ๎Œ๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„๎š๎€ƒ ๎€ถ๎†๎‹๎’๎’๎๎€๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎’๎‘๎’๎๎˜๎๎˜๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ซ๎„๎š๎„๎Œ๎Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎’๎€ƒ
๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎€ฏ๎€ต๎€ฑ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎‰๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€บ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎š๎€๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€š๎€ƒ ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€•๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎˜๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€”๎€๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ
๎“๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎—๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€๎€ƒ ๎‹๎’๎–๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฉ๎„๎†๎˜๎๎—๎œ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎€ฏ๎„๎š๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎‡๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎€บ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎š๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎€๎’๎•๎Š๎„๎‘๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎๎˜๎‘๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎’๎‡๎๎€‘
๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎ถ‹๎ถˆ๎ตฝ๎ถŽ๎ตผ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถˆ๎ถ‡ ............................................................................................. ๎€•๎€—๎€š
๎€ฌ๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎€๎€ฏ๎ตพ๎ถ€๎ตบ๎ถ…......................................................................................... ๎€•๎€—๎€œ
๎€ค๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎–๎—๎€๎€ฅ๎•๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎•๎„๎๎„๎€๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎€ท๎‹๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ณ๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฅ๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎ˆ๎Š๎’๎—๎Œ๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎‚ฑ๎€ธ๎€ถ๎€๎€ƒ
๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎€ฏ๎ˆ๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ง๎•๎„๎‰๎—๎‚ด ............................................... ๎€•๎€—๎€œ
๎€ฅ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎—๎ˆ๎๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎’๎’๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎„๎†๎Ž๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎˜๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ธ๎€ถ๎€ฐ๎€ฆ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎€จ๎€ท๎€ค๎€Œ๎€ข๎€ƒ ๎€•๎€˜๎€”
๎€”๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ถ๎€ฐ๎€ฆ๎€ค ......................................................................................... ๎€•๎€˜๎€”
๎€•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎€จ๎€ท๎€ค .............................................................................................๎€•๎€˜๎€˜
๎€ฆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎ˆ๎•๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ............................................................ ๎€•๎€˜๎€™
1. U.S. and UK Unionsโ€™ Agendas ...................................................... ๎€•๎€˜๎€™
10 Br. J. Am. Leg. Studies (2021)
๎€•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎–๎—๎€๎€ฅ๎•๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ˆ๎„๎†๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎‘๎‘๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎– ....๎€•๎€˜๎€š
๎€ฌ๎€ฌ๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎ตพ๎ถ€๎ตบ๎ถ… ................................................................................................ ๎€•๎€˜๎€œ
๎€ค๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎๎“๎„๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ค๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎–๎–๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎€ง๎’๎๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„๎…๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„๎š๎–๎€ƒ .๎€•๎€˜๎€œ
1. Dispute Settlement: ....................................................................... ๎€•๎€™๎€™
B. Emerging Agenda: Trouble Spots ................................................ ๎€•๎€™๎€š
๎€น๎Œ๎’๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎„๎‘๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎€ค๎งผ๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎‘๎™๎ˆ๎–๎—๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ข๎‚ด .............. ๎€•๎€™๎€š
๎€”๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎—๎•๎Œ๎Ž๎ˆ ............................................................................... ๎€•๎€™๎€š
United Kingdom ................................................................................ ๎€•๎€™๎€›
United States ..................................................................................... ๎€•๎€š๎€“
๎€•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ง๎Œ๎–๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€บ๎’๎•๎Ž๎“๎๎„๎†๎ˆ ..................................................๎€•๎€š๎€”
United Kingdom ................................................................................ ๎€•๎€š๎€•
United States ..................................................................................... ๎€•๎€š๎€•
๎€–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎Œ๎Š๎•๎„๎‘๎—๎– ........................................................................................ ๎€•๎€š๎€–
United Kingdom ................................................................................ ๎€•๎€š๎€–
United States ..................................................................................... ๎€•๎€š๎€–
4. Related Issues .............................................................................. ๎€•๎€š๎€˜
๎„๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ง๎Œ๎–๎“๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ˆ๎–๎’๎๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎ˆ๎†๎‹๎„๎‘๎Œ๎–๎๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎’๎†๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎ˆ๎– ............. ๎€•๎€š๎€˜
United Kingdom ................................................................................ ๎€•๎€š๎€˜
United States ..................................................................................... ๎€•๎€š๎€˜
๎…๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎’๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€น๎Œ๎’๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎๎ˆ๎Š๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ง๎Œ๎–๎“๎•๎’๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎„๎‘๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎งผ๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ
Trade or Investment Between the Partiesโ€ .......................................๎€•๎€š๎€™
๎€ฌ๎€น๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎ถ‡๎ตบ๎ถ…๎ถ’๎ถŒ๎ถ‚๎ถŒ ............................................................................................๎€•๎€š๎€š
๎€ค๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎˜๎•๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎—๎„๎—๎˜๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎•๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎—๎œ ......................................................... ๎€•๎€š๎€š
1. Pandemic ...................................................................................... ๎€•๎€š๎€š
๎€•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎…๎๎Œ๎Š๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ข๎€ƒ ....................................... ๎€•๎€š๎€š
๎€–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎‘๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎•๎’๎™๎„๎ .....................................๎€•๎€š๎€›
B. Going Forward ............................................................................. ๎€•๎€š๎€œ
๎€น๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎ตผ๎ถ…๎ถŽ๎ถŒ๎ถ‚๎ถˆ๎ถ‡........................................................................................ ๎€•๎€š๎€œ
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U.S.-UK FTA Negotiations: A Primer on Labor Agenda
๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎ถ‹๎ถˆ๎ตฝ๎ถŽ๎ตผ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถˆ๎ถ‡
๎€ค๎‘๎—๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎“๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎–๎˜๎†๎†๎ˆ๎–๎–๎‰๎˜๎๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎Š๎’๎—๎Œ๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎–๎—๎€๎€ฅ๎•๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ ๎€ฉ๎€ท๎€ค๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ฅ๎’๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎˜๎๎“๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎’๎‹๎‘๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎„๎๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฅ๎˜๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎’๎…๎–๎—๎„๎†๎๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎–๎˜๎•๎๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎€๎€ƒ ๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ
๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎•๎‡๎€๎“๎„๎•๎—๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎†๎—๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎ƒ€๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎Š๎’๎—๎Œ๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€บ๎‹๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎„๎‘๎–๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎—๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ˆ๎†๎ˆ๎๎…๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎€–๎€”๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€“๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎†๎‹๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฉ๎€ท๎€ค๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎’๎—๎‹๎€ƒ ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎Œ๎Š๎‘๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎†๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎•๎ˆ๎–๎’๎๎™๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎–๎–๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€”๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‘๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎–๎€ƒ
๎’๎…๎๎Œ๎Š๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎„๎…๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎–๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎•๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎œ๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎•๎Œ๎–๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎˜๎•๎’๎“๎ˆ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎˜๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎–๎€๎€•๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎ตต๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎ƒ€๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€ท๎€ค๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎Š๎’๎—๎Œ๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎„๎…๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎‡๎„๎•๎‡๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ค๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎’๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎Š๎’๎—๎Œ๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ถ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎•๎’๎„๎†๎‹๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ
๎๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎˜๎๎“๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‡๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎„๎๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€ท๎€ค๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ฆ๎’๎‘๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎•๎’๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎‘๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎˜๎๎“๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ
๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎€๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎’๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎‘๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎˜๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎‹๎’๎๎‡๎€ƒ ๎˜๎“๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎•๎’๎™๎„๎๎€‘๎€–๎€ƒ ๎€ฉ๎˜๎•๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ
๎–๎๎’๎š๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎Š๎’๎—๎Œ๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎•๎’๎‘๎„๎™๎Œ๎•๎˜๎–๎€ƒ ๎€ณ๎„๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎•๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎๎„๎•๎Ž๎ˆ๎—๎€‘๎€—๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎—๎Œ๎๎๎€๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€ท๎€ค๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎Š๎’๎—๎Œ๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎๎๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‘๎˜๎ˆ๎€‘๎€˜
๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎„๎๎–๎’๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎’๎•๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎“๎๎Œ๎†๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎–๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎‘๎€๎€จ๎€ธ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎€“๎€ƒ ๎—๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎’๎˜๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎€š๎€“๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ง๎˜๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎—๎•๎„๎‘๎–๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎’๎‡๎€๎€ƒ ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€ƒ ๎—๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‘๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎€ญ๎˜๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎€”๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎€ญ๎˜๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎€•๎€๎€ƒ ๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€“๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‘๎ˆ๎Š๎’๎—๎Œ๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ ๎š๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎๎๎’๎š๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎€ฑ๎ˆ๎Š๎’๎—๎Œ๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎—๎š๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ฎ๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€จ๎˜๎•๎’๎“๎ˆ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎‰๎˜๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎‹๎Œ๎“๎€ƒ ๎…๎•๎’๎Ž๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎˜๎“๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎‡๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎„๎•๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎‹๎˜๎•๎–๎‡๎„๎œ๎€ƒ
๎„๎๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎•๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎Œ๎Š๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎ตต๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎Œ๎๎๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎—๎š๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎š๎’๎€ƒ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฅ๎„๎•๎‘๎Œ๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎–๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€จ๎€ฆ๎€ญ๎€๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎–๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎…๎•๎ˆ๎„๎Ž๎€ƒ๎„๎š๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎‰๎•๎’๎๎€ƒ ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎š๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎–๎„๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€ƒ๎š๎’๎˜๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎Œ๎๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎Œ๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎“๎๎„๎œ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎ˆ๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎„๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎“๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎—๎š๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎š๎’๎€ƒ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎‚ณ๎–๎˜๎–๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎–๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎š๎ˆ๎๎๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎ตต๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎“๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€๎•๎ˆ๎–๎’๎๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘ ๎€ƒ
๎๎ˆ๎†๎‹๎„๎‘๎Œ๎–๎๎€‘๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€บ๎Œ๎–๎‹๎„๎•๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎•๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎€ท๎„๎๎Ž๎–๎€ƒ๎€จ๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€จ๎„๎•๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ฎ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎„๎๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎˜๎•๎‡๎๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ˆ๎๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€๎€ƒ
๎€ฅ๎ถ…๎ถˆ๎ถˆ๎ถ†๎ตป๎ตพ๎ถ‹๎ถ€๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎€ญ๎˜๎๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€•๎€๎€ƒ ๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€“๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎‹๎—๎—๎“๎–๎€๎€’๎€’๎š๎š๎š๎€‘๎…๎๎’๎’๎๎…๎ˆ๎•๎Š๎€‘๎†๎’๎๎€’๎‘๎ˆ๎š๎–๎€’๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎†๎๎ˆ๎–๎€’๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€“๎€๎€“๎€š๎€๎€“๎€•๎€’
๎…๎•๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎—๎€๎—๎„๎๎Ž๎–๎€๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎€๎ˆ๎„๎•๎๎œ๎€๎„๎–๎€๎ˆ๎˜๎€๎˜๎€๎Ž๎€๎–๎„๎œ๎€๎…๎Œ๎Š๎€๎‡๎Œ๎ตต๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€๎•๎ˆ๎๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ถ๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎๎–๎’๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎’๎๎€ƒ๎€จ๎‡๎Š๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎—๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ
๎€ฅ๎•๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎๎€ƒ๎œ๎’๎˜๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎Ž๎‘๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎„๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎€ฅ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎ตพ๎ถ๎ถŒ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฉ๎ˆ๎…๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€”๎€š๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€“๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ
๎‹๎—๎—๎“๎–๎€๎€’๎€’๎š๎š๎š๎€‘๎…๎…๎†๎€‘๎†๎’๎๎€’๎‘๎ˆ๎š๎–๎€’๎˜๎Ž๎€๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎–๎€๎€–๎€•๎€›๎€”๎€“๎€›๎€›๎€š๎€‘๎€ƒSee ๎€ญ๎˜๎–๎—๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎Œ๎๎๎„๎•๎€๎€ƒIs a Post-Brexit US-
๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ˆ๎„๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎Œ๎†๎€ข๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถŽ๎ถ‡๎ตผ๎ถ‚๎ถ…๎€ƒ๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎€ƒ ๎€ช๎ถ…๎ถˆ๎ตป๎ตบ๎ถ…๎€ƒ๎€ค๎ตฟ๎ตฟ๎€‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฑ๎’๎™๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€œ๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ
๎‹๎—๎—๎“๎–๎€๎€’๎€’๎š๎š๎š๎€‘๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎†๎‹๎Œ๎†๎„๎Š๎’๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎†๎Œ๎๎€‘๎’๎•๎Š๎€’๎…๎๎’๎Š๎€’๎š๎’๎•๎๎‡๎€๎†๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€’๎๎†๎†๎€’๎“๎’๎–๎—๎€๎…๎•๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎—๎€๎˜๎–๎€๎˜๎Ž๎€๎‰๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€๎—๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€
๎„๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€๎•๎ˆ๎„๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎Œ๎†๎€‘๎€ƒSee ๎€ฅ๎•๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎˜๎—๎๎’๎’๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ค๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎ถ€๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ต๎ตพ๎ถŒ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎ตพ๎ถ‹๎ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฉ๎ˆ๎…๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€•๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€“๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎‹๎—๎—๎“๎–๎€๎€’๎€’๎‰๎„๎–๎€‘๎’๎•๎Š๎€’๎–๎Š๎“๎€’๎†๎•๎–๎€’๎•๎’๎š๎€’๎€ฌ๎€ฉ๎€”๎€”๎€”๎€•๎€–๎€‘๎“๎‡๎‰๎€‘
๎€•๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎๎๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‘๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎€ธ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎‹๎„๎•๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎—๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€”๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎ˆ๎„๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎…๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎•๎’๎‡๎˜๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎‹๎„๎•๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎€บ๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎‹๎„๎•๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎€ฉ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎„๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ต๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€จ๎˜๎•๎’๎“๎ˆ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ข๎€๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎ถŠ๎ถŽ๎ตบ๎ถ…๎ถ‚๎ถ๎ถ’๎€ƒ๎นŸ๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎ถŽ๎ถ†๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ต๎ถ‚๎ถ€๎ถ๎ถ๎ถŒ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถ†๎ถ†๎ถ‚๎ถŒ๎ถŒ๎ถ‚๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎€๎€ƒ
๎‹๎—๎—๎“๎–๎€๎€’๎€’๎š๎š๎š๎€‘๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎„๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎‹๎˜๎๎„๎‘๎•๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎–๎€‘๎†๎’๎๎€’๎ˆ๎‘๎€’๎š๎‹๎„๎—๎€๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€๎‹๎˜๎๎„๎‘๎€๎•๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎–๎€’๎‹๎’๎š๎€๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€๎œ๎’๎˜๎•๎€๎•๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎–๎€
๎“๎•๎’๎—๎ˆ๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€’๎š๎‹๎„๎—๎€๎†๎‹๎„๎•๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€๎‰๎˜๎‘๎‡๎„๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎๎€๎•๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎–๎€๎ˆ๎˜๎•๎’๎“๎ˆ๎„๎‘๎€๎˜๎‘๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€‹๎๎„๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎๎’๎‡๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎†๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€™๎€Œ๎€‘
๎€–๎€ƒ See๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎„๎•๎Ž๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„๎‘๎‡๎๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎€‰๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎š๎„๎‘๎–๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ค๎…๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎€ฐ๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎€น๎„๎˜๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ฎ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ˆ๎„๎๎€ข๎€ƒ
๎€ฐ๎„๎œ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฑ๎’๎—๎€ƒ ๎€ฑ๎’๎š๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ฑ๎€‘๎€ผ๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎ถ‚๎ถ†๎ตพ๎ถŒ๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎€ฐ๎„๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€๎€ƒ ๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€“๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎‹๎—๎—๎“๎–๎€๎€’๎€’๎š๎š๎š๎€‘๎‘๎œ๎—๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎†๎’๎๎€’๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€“๎€’๎€“๎€–๎€’๎€“๎€•๎€’
๎š๎’๎•๎๎‡๎€’๎ˆ๎˜๎•๎’๎“๎ˆ๎€’๎˜๎Ž๎€๎˜๎–๎€๎—๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎๎€‘๎‹๎—๎๎๎€‘
๎€—๎€ƒ ๎€ฅ๎ˆ๎‘๎๎„๎๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎€–๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎๎“๎๎Œ๎†๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎•๎’๎‘๎„๎™๎Œ๎•๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ช๎๎’๎…๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎ถˆ๎ถ‹๎ตป๎ตพ๎ถŒ๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎€ค๎“๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€š๎€๎€ƒ ๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€“๎€๎€ƒ ๎€–๎€๎€˜๎€“๎€ณ๎€ฐ๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎‹๎—๎—๎“๎–๎€๎€’๎€’๎š๎š๎š๎€‘๎‰๎’๎•๎…๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎†๎’๎๎€’๎–๎Œ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€’๎…๎ˆ๎‘๎๎„๎๎Œ๎‘๎๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎•๎€’๎€•๎€“๎€•๎€“๎€’๎€“๎€—๎€’๎€“๎€š๎€’๎€–๎€๎–๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€
๎Œ๎๎“๎๎Œ๎†๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€๎’๎‰๎€๎†๎’๎•๎’๎‘๎„๎™๎Œ๎•๎˜๎–๎€๎’๎‘๎€๎Š๎๎’๎…๎„๎๎€๎—๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€’๎€†๎€˜๎€š๎€–๎…๎‰๎‡๎€›๎€“๎€–๎‡๎€”๎€”๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€˜๎€ƒ ๎€ญ๎˜๎–๎—๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎Œ๎๎๎„๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎–๎—๎€๎€ฅ๎•๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ถ๎€๎€ธ๎€ฎ๎€ƒ ๎€ฉ๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ค๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ˆ๎„๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎Œ๎†๎€ข๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถŽ๎ถ‡๎ตผ๎ถ‚๎ถ…๎€ƒ
๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎€ƒ๎€ช๎ถ…๎ถˆ๎ตป๎ตบ๎ถ…๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎ตฟ๎ตฟ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฑ๎’๎™๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€œ๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎‹๎—๎—๎“๎–๎€๎€’๎€’๎š๎š๎š๎€‘๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎†๎‹๎Œ๎†๎„๎Š๎’๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎†๎Œ๎๎€‘๎’๎•๎Š๎€’๎…๎๎’๎Š๎€’๎š๎’๎•๎๎‡๎€๎†๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€’
๎๎†๎†๎€’๎“๎’๎–๎—๎€๎…๎•๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎—๎€๎˜๎–๎€๎˜๎Ž๎€๎‰๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€๎—๎•๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€๎„๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€๎•๎ˆ๎„๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎Œ๎†๎€‘
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