Understanding and controlling financial fraud in the drug industry
Pages | 337-354 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-06-2019-0071 |
Published date | 03 February 2020 |
Date | 03 February 2020 |
Author | Isaac Akomea-Frimpong,Charles Andoh |
Subject Matter | Financial crime,Accounting & Finance |
Understanding and controlling
financial fraud in the
drug industry
Isaac Akomea-Frimpong
Western Sydney University –Penrith Campus, Kingswood, Australia, and
Charles Andoh
University of Ghana Business School, Accra, Ghana
Abstract
Purpose –This study aims to assess thefraud cases, factors and control measures of financial fraud in the
drug industry with evidencefrom Ghana. Drug industry and pharmaceutical are the same, and they are used
interchangeablyin this study.
Design/methodology/approach –Data from questionnaires were collected from 412 manufacturers,
wholesalers and retailersof the drug industry. Data were presented and analysed with descriptive statistics
and probit regression.
Findings –Results show that,in general, stealing of drugs, stealing of cash, usageof fake cheques, falsified
documents and dubious accounting practices are some of the fraud cases in the industry. Factors such as
gender, educational level,religious beliefs, regulatory 7measures, pressure, rationalization and opportunities
influence financial fraud in the drug industry. Control measures such as thorough assessment of products,
regular review of fraud policies,installation of fraud-detection software and effective internalsystems could
reduce the menace.
Research limitations/implications –The paper addressesa number of theoretical and systemicissues
on financial fraud in the drug industrybut with limited specific quantitative data or calculationsas well as
limited sample size. Furtherstudies could offer a more quantitative approachwith a larger sample size in an
attempt,for instance, to estimate the financial costs of financialfraud to the drug industry.
Practical implications –This paper openlytackles various attempted frauds and financialmalfeasances
from stakeholder perspectives in the drug industry. Practical measures have been given to tackle the
consequencesof the menace.
Originality/value –This paper is geared towards providingvaluable learning points for stakeholders in
the drug industry to handledaily operations to assist them in detecting and preventingsimilar occurrence of
financialfraud.
Keywords Pharmacy, Ghana, Drug, Factors, Control measures, Financial fraud
Paper type Research paper
1. Introduction
Financial fraud has been identified as a major threat to the growth and well-being of
stakeholdersassociated with drug (pharmaceutical) industriessuch as consumers, firms and
economies across the globe for the past two decades (Anderson, 2012;Shepherd, 2018).
Financial fraud has been defined as the use of means to attain unfair financial gains to the
detriment of the victims who suffer the scam (Marcel and Cowen, 2014). It is a deliberate
action which is planned and executed by the fraudsters to dupe stakeholders in the drug
industry. Financial fraud releases great financial burden on drug industries running into
billions of US dollars.Gullkvist and Jokipii (2013)explained that financial fraudis committed
Financial
fraud in the
drug industry
337
Journalof Financial Crime
Vol.27 No. 2, 2020
pp. 337-354
© Emerald Publishing Limited
1359-0790
DOI 10.1108/JFC-06-2019-0071
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at:
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because of perceived financial and non-financial pressures, perceived opportunities to
commit the crime andrationalization or justification of the fraudulent practices. These three
reasons were explained in detail in “Fraud Triangle Theory”propounded by the
criminologist, Donald Cressey, in 1973 (Shi et al.,2017;Free, 2015). Fraudsters in the drug
industry perpetuate numerous scandals ranging from transacting fake drugs, taking bribes,
falsify documents, laundering in money transfers and other illegal financial transactions to
harm the entire industry. It has been estimatedthat financial fraud costs the pharmaceutical
industry over$30bn every year and it is considered as a profitableventure for the fraudsters.
Also $260bn (e180bn) or approximately 6 per cent of global health-care spending is lost to
fraud each year.Advanced economies suchas the UK and Northern Ireland lose7.29 per cent
(approximatelyUS$ 415bn) of the industry’s annualrevenue to fraud (www.who.int/bulletin/
volumes/89/12/11 -021211.pdf). This data is alarming and the worse can be said of the
situation in developing economies. Walker et al. (2018) posited that 25 per cent of the
pharmaceutical products supplied in developing countries are fake. Between 30 and 60 per
cent of such drugs are transacted in Africa (including Ghana) and Asia. China and India
(developing economies) lead the way in the production and exportation of fake drugs inthe
world, and these countries experience high fraudulent practices compared to other nations
(Cyranoski, 2017;Chaudhry and Cesareo, 2017). Furthermore, 800,000 people die every year
because of fakepharmaceutical productswith much casualties in the developing countries[1].
This necessitates a diplomatic wakeup call which Ghana has done little to heed to fight this
menace.There are almost no studies whichexist on financial fraudin drug industry in Ghana
according to the research papers reviewed by the authors of this paper. Studies on financial
fraud in the drug industries were prevalent in the advanced countries with little in the
developingeconomies such as Ghana. Thefollowing research objectivesare addressed in this
study:
to identify the financial fraud practices in the pharmaceutical industry in Ghana;
to examine factors affecting the financial fraud in the drug industry in Ghana; and
to assess measures for controlling financial fraud in the drug industry in Ghana.
In this study, drug industryand pharmaceutical industry are used interchangeably.
The rest of the study is organized into Section 2, the literature review which presents
detailed related studies on financial fraud in the drug industry with an underlying fraud
theory. In Section 3, the research method is presented. Section 4 captures the data analysis
and discussion of findings. Section 5 presents the conclusions and recommendations of the
study.
2. Literature review
2.1 Fraud in the drug industry in Ghana
The incidence of fraudulent transactions and substandard drugs have become a serious
menace confronting health-care delivery in Ghana (Donkor et al.,2012). The preponderance
of spurious and counterfeit drugs and financial scams are modern-day menace whichhave
assumed alarming dimension. Lynas (2013) and Joudaki et al. (2016) outlined the factors
responsible for the rising wave of scams in the pharmaceutical industry as consisting of the
following: lack of political will, lack or inadequate legislation prohibiting counterfeiting of
drugs and financial scams, weak nationalregulatory authority, shortage or erratic supply of
drugs, high cost of medicines, inefficient co-operation among stakeholders, trade involving
several intermediaries, poor accounting practices, corruption and conflict of interest. Bate
and Boateng (2007) posited that in developing countries such as Ghana, essential and
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