Upper Tribunal (Immigration and asylum chamber), 2013-12-03, [2013] UKUT 611 (IAC) (MS (Coptic Christians) (CG))
| Jurisdiction | UK Non-devolved |
| Judge | Upper Tribunal Judge Storey, Upper Tribunal Judge Allen, Upper Tribunal Judge Kebede |
| Date | 03 December 2013 |
| Published date | 05 December 2013 |
| Court | Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) |
| Hearing Date | 19 May 2014 |
| Appeal Number | [2013] UKUT 611 (IAC) |
Upper Tribunal
(Immigration and Asylum Chamber)
MS (Coptic Christians) Egypt CG [2013] UKUT 00611 (IAC)
THE IMMIGRATION ACTS
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Heard at Field House |
Determination Promulgated |
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On 17 and 18 September 2013 |
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………………………………… |
Before
UPPER TRIBUNAL JUDGE STOREY
UPPER TRIBUNAL JUDGE ALLEN
UPPER TRIBUNAL JUDGE KEBEDE
Between
MS
FZ
(ANONYMITY ORDER MADE)
Appellants
and
SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENT
Respondent
Representation:
For the Appellants: Ms M Benitez of Counsel, instructed by Irving & Co Solicitors
For the Respondent: Mr T Wilding, Home Office Presenting Officer
Law
In relation to a country which is in a state of emergency affecting the life of the nation and which takes measures strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, its ability to afford adequacy of protection under Directive 2004/83/EC (the Qualification Directive) is to be assessed by reference to its general securement of non-derogable rights as set out in the ECHR.
Country guidance
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Notwithstanding that there is inadequate state protection of Coptic Christians in Egypt, they are not at a general risk of persecution or ill-treatment contrary to Article 3, ECHR.
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However, on current evidence there are some areas where Coptic Christians will face a real risk of persecution or ill-treatment contrary to Article 3. In general these will be (a) areas outside the large cities; (b) where radical Islamists have a strong foothold; and (c) there have been recent attacks on Coptic Christians or their churches, businesses or properties.
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On the evidence before the Upper Tribunal, the following are particular risk categories in the sense that those falling within them will generally be able to show a real risk of persecution or treatment contrary to Article 3, at least in their home area:
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converts to Coptic Christianity;
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persons who are involved in construction or reconstruction/repair of churches that have been the target for an attack or attacks;
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those accused of proselytising where the accusation is serious and not casual;
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those accused of being physically or emotionally involved with a Muslim woman, where the accusation is made seriously and not casually.
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Coptic Christian women in Egypt are not in general at real risk of persecution or ill-treatment, although they face difficulties additional to other women, in the form of sometimes being the target of disappearances, forced abduction and forced conversion.
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However, depending on the particular circumstances of the case, Coptic Christian women in Egypt aged between 14-25 years who lack a male protector, may be at such risk.
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If a claimant is able to establish that in their home area they fall within one or more of the risk categories identified in 3 (i)-(iv) above or that they come from an area where the local Coptic population faces a real risk of persecution, it will not necessarily follow that they qualify as refugees or as beneficiaries of subsidiary protection or Article 3 ECHR protection. That will depend on whether they can show they would not have a viable internal relocation alternative. In such cases there will be need for a fact-specific assessment but, in general terms, resettlement in an area where Islamists are not strong would appear to be a viable option.
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None of the above necessarily precludes a Coptic Christian in Egypt from being able to establish a real risk of persecution or ill-treatment in the particular circumstances of their case, e.g. if such an individual has been the target of attacks because he or she is a Coptic Christian.
CONTENTS
Introduction 1-5
Scope of the Hearing 6
Background Evidence 7
US Department of State Report on International Religious Freedom:
Egypt (USSDIRF), 20 May 2013 8-14
The US Commission on International Religious Freedom,
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
Annual Report 2013, Egypt (USCIRF), 30 April 2013 15-16
Recent Reports 17-23
UKBA COIS Egypt: Bulletin, 17 April 2013 24
UK Home Office Border Agency, Operational Guidance Note:
Egypt (v1 7 May 2013), 07 May 2013 25-26
Case Law
ME v France (app no. 50094/10), 6 June 2013 27
Expert Evidence of Mr Marshall 28
Written Report: 6 June 2013 29-37
Supplementary Written Report: 18 July 2013 38-43
Written Addendum Report: 18 July 2013 44-45
Further Written Addendum Report: 15 September 2013 46
Mr Marshall: Oral Evidence 47-64
Legal Framework 65
Regulation 4 of the Protection Regulations 66-75
Submissions
Mr Wilding 76-85
Ms Benitez 86-96
Our Assessment 97
ME v France (app no. 50094/10) and Strasbourg Case Law 98-99
Mr Marshall's Evidence 100-10
Home Office OGN: 7 May 2013 111
Reliability of Figures Relating to Violence 112-13
State Actors 114-15
Non-State Actors 116
International Concern 117
State Protection 118-23
Attacks and Discrimination 124-26
Levels of Violence 127-31
Displacement and Emigration 132
Prognosis 133-36
Geographical Dimension 137-39
Particular Risk Categories 140-50
Summary of Conclusions 151
Law
Country Guidance
The Appellants
Asylum-Related Grounds 152-55
Article 8 of the ECHR 156-59
Summary of the Evidence
Evidence before the First-tier Tribunal 160
Asylum Interview 161
The Appellant’s Statement of 21 March 2012 162
AA’s Statement of 21 March 2012 163
MS’s Statement of 21 March 2012 164
Oral Evidence before the First-tier Tribunal 165-68
Findings of the First-tier Tribunal 169-70
Evidence and Submissions before the Upper Tribunal
The Appellant’s Statement of 29 July 2013 171
AA’s Statement of 29 July 2013 172
MS’s Statement of 29 July 2013 173
The Appellant’s Statement of 17 September 2013 174
The Appellant’s Oral Evidence 175-79
AA’s Oral Evidence 180
MS’s Oral Evidence 181
Submissions 182-83
Our findings on Article 8 of the ECHR 184-200
Appendices
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Documentary Evidence before the Upper Tribunal
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Expert Evidence before the Upper Tribunal
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List of Churches Burned or Damaged since August 14
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Maspero Youth Union Summary of Attacks since 14 August 2013
DETERMINATION AND REASONS
Introduction
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Copts in Egypt go back to the time of the Pharaohs. From 400AD until the mid-10th century and the Muslim conquest of the country, Copts who had Christianised were a majority of the population. But since that conquest their position has altered dramatically. Coptic Christians are now a religious minority comprising between 5-15% of the population, the other 90% being predominantly Sunni Muslim. Yet even in the context of Egypt’s sizeable population, some 83 million, they are the region’s largest non-Muslim community. The biggest numbers live in Cairo and Alexandria and in Minya (sometimes spelt Menya) in Upper (i.e. southern) Egypt. Throughout Egypt there are said to be 108,395 mosques and 2,869 churches. In March 2012, Pope Tawardos II was confirmed as the new leader of Egypt’s Coptic Christians and the consequences of his active support for the army’s ousting of President Morsi in July 2013 is one of the matters we must analyse below. The ousting of Morsi coupled with the earlier popular revolution leading to the resignation of President Mubarak in February 2011 (which was followed by an interim period in which the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) ruled, lasting until Morsi was elected President in June 2012) means that the country has experienced two major upheavals in less than three years. It is against this background that we must address the issue of whether Copts - or Coptic Christians (in modern times the two terms are used interchangeably) - in Egypt are at real risk of persecution or ill-treatment.
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The case arises in the context of appeals...
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