V International Relations / Relations Internationales
| DOI | 10.1177/00208345211051900 |
| Date | 01 October 2021 |
| Published date | 01 October 2021 |
705
V
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES
(a) International law, organization and administration/Droit international, organisation et administration in ternationales
71.6841 BAERG, Nicole Rae ; GRAY, Julia ; WILLISCH, Jakob — Op-
portunistic, not optimal delegation: the political origins of
Central Bank independence. Comparative Political Studies
54(6), May 2021 : 956-988.
Economists have long argued that central banks ran by technocrats have
greater independence from the government. But in many countries, politi-
cally experienced central bankers are at the helm, including even highly
independent central banks. To explain the level of central bank independ-
ence awarded, we develop a formal model where nominating politicians
screen central bankers for their political ambitions. We show how screen-
ing and reelection efforts by the nominating politician changes the level of
autonomy associated with different types of candidates. We predict that
technocrats are associated with higher levels of independence than nom-
inees with political experience, but as the appointing politician faces
tougher reelection, candidates with political experience are associated
with higher independence as well. [R, abr.]
71.6842 BAGGIO, Marianna, et al. — The evolution of behaviourally
informed policy-making in the EU. Journal of European Pub-
lic Policy 28(5), 2021 : 658-676.
In the past decade, policy-making around the world has increased its at-
tention to behavioural insights (BI). The European Commission (EC) iden-
tified this trend early on and has incorporated BI to its policy-making over
several years. However, this experience has not been formally docu-
mented, or systematically analysed, from a policy studies perspective,
leaving a large amount of experience-based knowledge on behavioural
governance untapped. Our contribution aims at closing this gap, clarifying
the practices by which BI are gaining epistemic authority and contributing
to the European Union's (EU) policy instruments. This paper presents the
evolution of BI thinking inside the EC, illustrates how BI are introduced in
the policy cycle, and explores future challenges to and opportunities for
mainstreaming BI at every level and stage of policy-making in the EU. [R]
[See Abstr. 71.6305]
71.6843 BOCCHESE, Marco — In the eye of the beholder: elite as-
sessments of the ICC’s performance. Global Governance
27(2), June 2021 : 275-297.
This article investigates the stark variation in elite appraisals of the perfor-
mance of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Based on an online sur-
vey of diplomats posted to the UN headquarters, this article determines
which country situations under ICC scrutiny respondents regard as suc-
cesses or failures and, in turn, what parameters underpin their views. It
also asks about negative cases; that is, country situations that never made
it to The Hague due to political considerations. This article shows that dip-
lomats conceptualize international justice in terms of ongoing prosecutions
and convictions obtained. Thus, they downplay indirect effects such as
positive complementarity. Interestingly, scholars and diplomats agree on
the court’s fiascos, yet dissent on successes. Finally, diplomats have
proved tired of political considerations obstructing international justice. [R,
abr.]
71.6844 BOȘILCĂ, Ruxandra-Laura ; STENBERG, Matthew ; RID-
DERVOLD, Marianne — Copying in EU security and de-
fence policies: the case of EUNAVFOR MED Operation So-
phia. European Security 30(2), 2021 : 218-236.
Integrating institutionalist theory and the literature on crisis response, this
article argues that EUNAVFOR MED Operation Sophia is an example of
copying through contingent learning wherein the EU’s response to the mi-
gration crisis was shaped by naval missions Operation Mare Nostrum and
Operation Atalanta. While the former set a precedent for a naval response
to migration in the Mediterranean, the latter provided an off-the-shelf insti-
tutional blueprint for the design and implementation of Operation Sophia.
In a crisis situation characterised by high uncertainty, and with little time
to rethink policies or to cr eate new structures, EU political actors used
contingent learning to quickly evaluate potential policy responses and in-
stitutional reforms, leading them to the decision to copy past institutional
designs and practices previously considered successful. [R, abr.]
71.6845 BRADLEY, Megan — Joining the UN family? Explaining the
evolution of IOM-UN relations. Global Governance 27(2),
June 2021 : 251-274.
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) became a related or-
ganization in the UN system in 2016, and has rebranded itself as the
“UN Migration Agency.” This article examines the drivers and significance
of IOM’s new relationship w ith the UN. It traces the evolution of the IOM-
UN relationship, and the processes that led to IOM becoming a related or-
ganization. While some contend that IOM is still not really part of
the UN system, through an analysis of the status and political positioning
of related organizations this article demonstrates that, as a related organ-
ization, IOM is indeed now part of the UN system. It argues that IOM’s
work with forced migrants in the humanitarian sector played a pivotal role
in enabling this shift, and considers its implications. [R]
71.6846 BUITELAAR, Tom ; HIRSCHMANN, Gisela — Criminal ac-
countability at what cost? Norm conflict, UN peace opera-
tions and the International Criminal Court. European Jour-
nal of International Relations 27(2), June 2021 : 548-571.
How do international organisations (IOs) balance norms that have conflict-
ing prescriptions? In this article, we build on the literature on norm contes-
tation and norm conflict to identify four ways in which IOs might respond to
norm conflicts: (1) consistent norm prioritisation; (2) ad hoc norm prioriti-
sation; (3) balanced norm reconciliation and (4) imbalanced norm recon-
ciliation. How IOs are more likely to respond, we argue, depends on the
salience of the norm conflict and the relative strength of the conflicting
norms. We illustrate our argument by investigating the norm conflicts that
the United Nations (UN) encountered between traditional UN peacekeep-
ing norms and the norm of international criminal accountability in the con-
text of assistance by UN peace operations to the International Criminal
Court. [R, abr.]
71.6847 CARSTENSEN, Martin B. ; SCHMIDT, Vivien A. — Between
power and powerlessness in the Euro zone crisis and
thereafter. Journal of European Public Policy 28(6), 2021 :
922-929.
Employing a multidimensional conception of power shows how interaction
between EU institutional actors is structured by different kinds of power —
coercive, institutional and ideational — and that none of these are sufficient
on their own for actors to successfully drive the reform process. We ask
not just who leads the euro zone, but how interactions between actors en-
able the polity to achieve (or not) its goals. This requires thinking of power
in terms of both zero-sum and positive-sum outcomes, which reveals the
weakness of the polity as a whole, whatever the power of different institu-
tional actors. In this view, key for the long-term sustainability of the Euro
zone is an economic and political rebalancing among its members borne
out at the level of common ideas and institutions and the leadership of the
most resourceful member states. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 71.7080]
71.6848 CLARK, Janine Natalya — Beyond a "survivor-centred ap-
proach" to conflict-related sexual violence? International
Affairs 97(4), July 2021 : 1067-1084.
In Resolution 2467 (2019), the most recent addition to the Women, Peace
and Security (WPS) agenda, the U N Security Council embraced the idea
of a ‘survivor-centred approach’ to preventing and responding to conflict-
related sexual violence. While this terminology is now widely used in inter-
national policy circles, the general lack of critical reflection on the concept
of survivor-centrism is striking. Addressing this gap, this interdisciplinary
article seeks to demonstrate that a survivor-centred approach, by itself, is
too narrow. It utilizes the ecological concept of connectivity — which refers
to connections that enable and facilitate vital ecological processes — and
repurposes it in a social science context to develop the article's core argu-
ment: that survivor-centred discourse marginalizes, or neglects, the funda-
mental webs of connectivity in which the everyday lives of those who have
suffered conflict-related sexual violence are intricately interwoven. [R, abr.]
71.6849 CUPAĆ, Jelena ; EBETÜRK, Irem — Backlash advocacy and
NGO polarization over women's rights in the United Na-
tions. International Affairs 97(4), July 2021 : 1183-1201.
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