“Practical, but nonetheless principled”? MacAngus and Kane

Published date01 June 2009
AuthorLindsay Farmer
DOI10.3366/E1364980909000651
Date01 June 2009
Pages502-507

The Scots law of criminal homicide has been in a state of considerable flux since the decision in Drury v HM Advocate.1

2001 SLT 1013.

In a number of cases the appeal court has had to struggle with issues which have an impact on the scope of the crimes of murder and culpable homicide and on the structure of homicide more generally.2

See also Transco plc v HM Advocate 2004 JC 29; HM Advocate v Purcell 2008 JC 131.

The latest decision to raise such issues is MacAngus v HM Advocate; Kane v HM Advocate,3

[2009] HCJAC 8, 2009 SLT 137. The opinion of the court was delivered by Lord Justice General Hamilton.

where the court considered jointly two separate cases, in each of which the accused had been charged with culpable homicide by the supply of drugs THE FACTS

In the first case, Kevin MacAngus was charged with the unlawful supply of ketamine to a group of five friends, as a consequence of which one of them died. The five had visited MacAngus at his flat in Glasgow and given him money to buy the drug. On his return to the flat, some of the group, including MacAngus himself, nasally ingested the drug. The deceased man was found in the flat the following morning, having died from ketamine intoxication, possibly as the result of repeated snorting. Forensic analysis established that he had ingested ketamine on previous occasions.

The facts in the second case were slightly different. Michael Kane, a heroin user, had been drinking with the deceased, Sheila MacMillan, and her partner, William Smillie, at their home. The deceased and Smillie expressed an interest in trying heroin, and gave money to Kane to purchase the drug. Kane then prepared the drug for injection, and injected first the deceased and then Smillie, with their consent, when they were unable to do so on their own. Both subsequently passed out. MacMillan had died by the time paramedics arrived, and Smillie was close to death. Kane was later charged with unlawful supply and injection of heroin as a consequence of which MacMillan died.

Both appellants raised pleas as to the relevancy of the indictments with respect to the charge of culpable homicide. The specific question raised was whether the approach to cases involving death following the supply of drugs adopted in Lord Advocate's Reference (No 1 of 1994)4

1996 JC 76.

was correct in the light of the House of Lords decision in R v Kennedy (No 2).5

[2007] UKHL 38, [2008] 1 AC 269.

Although the decision in Kennedy had turned on the interpretation of section 23 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 (administration of a noxious thing to any other person),6

Which does not apply to Scotland: see s 78 of the 1861 Act.

the House of Lords had stressed the general principle that the freely chosen actions of autonomous individuals should normally be regarded as breaking the chain of causation

Notwithstanding minor factual differences between the two cases in the appeal (the second involved administration rather than supply alone), the challenges to the plea to the relevancy fell under two broad heads.7

MacAngus and Kane at paras 8–17.

First, it was argued that, even in cases of unlawful act homicide such as this, it was necessary for the Crown to establish that there had been recklessness on the part of the accused. More specifically, it was asserted that the Crown should have to both libel and prove recklessness and that, contrary to the statement of Lord Justice-Clerk Ross in Lord Advocate's Reference (No 1 of 1994), the supply of a controlled drug could not be treated as “the equivalent” of reckless conduct.8

Lord Advocate's Reference at 81. See also Lord Hamilton in Transco at para 36, referring to a “state of mind on the part of the accused which is ‘wicked’… or is equivalent, to a complete indifference to the consequences of his conduct” (emphasis added). On the narrow point of the...

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