Cartier v British Sky Broadcasting, and the Rise of the Website Blocking Order: A Challenge for Scots Law?

Published date01 May 2020
Pages251-256
DOI10.3366/elr.2020.0629
Date01 May 2020

In recent years, intellectual property (“IP”) law has found itself increasingly at the sharp end of developments in the law of remedies, in large part as a result of European Union (“EU”) intervention in the field. One innovation which is increasingly being used, particularly before the English courts, is the website blocking injunction. Under such an injunction, internet service providers (“ISPs”) are required to block access to third party websites through which IP infringements are being committed. In these cases, intermediaries who themselves have committed no legal wrong are nonetheless required to take steps to stop their services being used by infringers. While such orders have a solid statutory basis in the UK in relation to some forms of IP infringement, the position was less clear in relation to other IP rights. That uncertainty has now been resolved –  in English law at least – in appeals to the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court in Cartier v British Sky Broadcasting.1 Cartier has resulted in an expansion of the English courts' inherent powers which has the potential to reach beyond website blocking and, indeed, well beyond the confines of IP law. It is not clear, however, whether the outcome reached in Cartier could be mirrored in Scots law.

LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND

The concept of the no-fault intermediary injunction was first introduced by the EU in relation to copyright infringement.2 By Article 8(3) of the Information Society Directive,3 EU Member States are required to “ensure that rightsholders are in a position to apply for an injunction against intermediaries whose services are used by a third party to infringe a copyright or related right”. There is no requirement for liability on the part of the intermediary. In the UK, after consultation with stakeholders highlighted concern that such orders might not be competent under existing powers, new statutory powers were enacted by sections 97A and 191JA of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (“CDPA 1988”), empowering the English High Court and the Scottish Court of Session to grant injunctions in specified circumstances against service providers whose services are used to commit infringement.4 Unsurprisingly given the location of the UK's principal ISPs, all applications for such injunctions have to date been heard by the English courts.5 Compliance requires ISPs to operate systems which will prevent access by internet users to the target websites and (according to the standard order) further additional websites notified by rightsholders if infringers shift their websites to new web addresses. In recent case law, ISPs have even been ordered to block access to unauthorised streaming servers live during the transmission of copyright-protected sports broadcasts.6

At EU level, the copyright-specific provisions of the Information Society Directive were expanded to other IP rights by the Intellectual Property Enforcement Directive (“IPED”).7 By the third sentence of Article 11 of the IPED, for other forms of IP infringement injunctions must also be...

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