Politics and Constitutional Law: A Distinction without a Difference?

AuthorRobert J. McKeever
PositionAssociate Fellow, Institute of the Americas, University College, London
Pages401-417
๎€ณ๎ถˆ๎ถ…๎ถ‚๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ตผ๎ถŒ๎€ƒ๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎ตฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎ถŒ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถ๎ถŽ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎ตบ๎ถ…๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎ตบ๎ถ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ถ‚๎ถŒ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถ‡๎ตผ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎€ƒ
๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถ๎ถ๎ถˆ๎ถŽ๎ถ๎€ƒ๎ตบ๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ถ‚๎ตฟ๎ตฟ๎ตพ๎ถ‹๎ตพ๎ถ‡๎ตผ๎ตพ๎€ข
๎€ต๎’๎…๎ˆ๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎†๎€ฎ๎ˆ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€
๎€ค๎€ฅ๎€ถ๎€ท๎€ต๎€ค๎€ฆ๎€ท
This article examines the relationship between Politics and Law in U.S. Supreme
Court decision-making. It argues that three major developments in recent decades
have combined to undermine the Courtโ€™s status as a legal and judicial institution,
๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎ˆ๎„๎‡๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎—๎’๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎๎’๎—๎Œ๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎’๎๎’๎Š๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎œ๎€ƒ
๎“๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎˜๎–๎—๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎•๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎๎œ๎€ƒ
political and partisan nature of the Supreme Court appointment process, as witnessed
๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎†๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎€ช๎’๎•๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฎ๎„๎™๎„๎‘๎„๎˜๎Š๎‹๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎‹๎„๎™๎Œ๎’๎˜๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎ˆ๎‘๎„๎—๎’๎•๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎•๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎’๎Œ๎‘๎—๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎๎˜๎–๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎•๎œ๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎„๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎‘๎–๎€ƒ ๎€ƒ ๎™๎Œ๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎Œ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎…๎’๎‡๎œ๎€ƒ ๎•๎„๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ
than a legal one. The second element of the assault on the Courtโ€™s status as a
๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎•๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎ƒ€๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎‹๎„๎™๎Œ๎’๎˜๎•๎„๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎–๎†๎‹๎’๎’๎๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎˜๎“๎•๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎„๎๎œ๎–๎Œ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฅ๎ˆ๎Š๎Œ๎‘๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎š๎’๎•๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎†๎–๎€ƒ ๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎€ช๎๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ถ๎†๎‹๎˜๎…๎ˆ๎•๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎‹๎„๎™๎Œ๎’๎˜๎•๎„๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎“๎๎’๎œ๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎’๎‡๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎’๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎—๎ˆ๎๎“๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎…๎˜๎‘๎Ž๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
Legal Model of Supreme Court decision-making and to replace it with what is known
๎—๎’๎‡๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎—๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฌ๎—๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎†๎Œ๎…๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎Š๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎€ถ๎˜๎“๎•๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎˜๎–๎—๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ
political in intent and decision, with legal language and arguments being no more
๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎๎’๎˜๎ƒ€๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎Š๎˜๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ ๎—๎•๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎„๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎“๎“๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎’๎—๎‹๎€ƒ
๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎•๎™๎„๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎…๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎–๎—๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎†๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎•๎‡๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ
on the status of the Court as a legal institution as coming from Originalist scholars,
activists and judges who accuse liberal Justices of having abandoned traditional
๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎“๎•๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎’๎‡๎–๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‰๎„๎™๎’๎˜๎•๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎ˆ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎‘๎Š๎˜๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ
suit their progressive political agenda. Originalists acknowledge that their own
๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎“๎•๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎’๎‡๎–๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎œ๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎„๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎˜๎๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎„๎†๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎๎“๎’๎•๎„๎•๎œ๎€ƒ
๎€ค๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎†๎„๎‘๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎Š๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎˜๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ๎…๎•๎„๎‘๎†๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎†๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎๎˜๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎•๎Œ๎Š๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎Œ๎–๎๎€ƒ
๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎˜๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎ˆ๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎’๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎“๎•๎ˆ๎—๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ ๎…๎’๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎“๎•๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ
and undesirable. Moreover, rather than returning the Court to the Legal Model, the
๎€ฒ๎•๎Œ๎Š๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎๎“๎„๎Œ๎Š๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎–๎ˆ๎•๎™๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎˜๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎‘๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ค๎—๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎€ฐ๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ
is an accurate one. However, the article also argues that the break with Originalism
๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€บ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎’๎“๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎’๎๎ˆ๎–๎„๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎„๎‘๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎•๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎๎€๎…๎ˆ๎†๎’๎๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎„๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎๎’๎†๎•๎„๎†๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎—๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎Š๎˜๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎œ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎’๎˜๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎—๎˜๎•๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎“๎‹๎„๎–๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎‚ต๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎•๎’๎๎ˆ๎‚ถ๎€๎€ƒ
๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎„๎๎“๎Œ๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ ๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎•๎Œ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎ˆ๎„๎•๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎€ซ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ฒ๎๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎€บ๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎๎๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎’๎๎๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ
๎€ฏ๎’๎˜๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎•๎„๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎’๎‹๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎„๎•๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎Œ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎’๎˜๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎˜๎Œ๎–๎‹๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ ๎‰๎•๎’๎๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎…๎•๎„๎‘๎†๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ ๎–๎‹๎’๎˜๎๎‡๎€ƒ
๎€ฅ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎ˆ๎Š๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎—๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎€›๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ถ๎“๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎–๎–๎˜๎ˆ๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€œ๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ง๎€ฒ๎€ฌ๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€“๎€‘๎€•๎€—๎€š๎€›๎€’๎…๎๎„๎๎–๎€๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€œ๎€๎€“๎€“๎€“๎€š
ยฉ 2019 Robert J. McKeever, published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License.
๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎–๎–๎’๎†๎Œ๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฉ๎ˆ๎๎๎’๎š๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎†๎„๎–๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎๎๎ˆ๎Š๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ฏ๎’๎‘๎‡๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎“๎„๎“๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ
๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎“๎„๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฎ๎ˆ๎œ๎‘๎’๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‡๎‡๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎‘๎‰๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎–๎€๎€ƒ
๎€ซ๎Œ๎–๎—๎’๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„๎š๎€๎€ƒ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎•๎’๎–๎–๎€๎€ง๎Œ๎–๎†๎Œ๎“๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ง๎Œ๎„๎๎’๎Š๎˜๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎€ถ๎—๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎Œ๎•๎๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎‹๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€–๎€“๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎˜๎๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€›๎€‘
8 Br. J. Am. Leg. Studies (2019)
๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎ถˆ๎ถ…๎ถ‚๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ตผ๎ถŒ๎€ƒ๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎ตฝ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎ตบ๎ถ‹๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถŒ๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎ถŒ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถ‰๎€ƒ๎ถ‚๎ถ‡๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎ถŽ๎ถ‰๎ถ‹๎ตพ๎ถ†๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถŽ๎ถ‹๎ถ๎€ƒ๎€ค๎ถ‰๎ถ‰๎ถˆ๎ถ‚๎ถ‡๎ถ๎ถ†๎ตพ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎ถŒ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€—๎€“๎€–
๎€ฌ๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎ถ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€ค๎ถ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถ๎ถŽ๎ตฝ๎ถ‚๎ถ‡๎ตบ๎ถ…๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎ถˆ๎ตฝ๎ตพ๎ถ…๎€ƒ๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎ตฝ๎€ƒ๎ถ๎ถ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎ตพ๎ถ€๎ตบ๎ถ…๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎ถˆ๎ตฝ๎ตพ๎ถ…๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€—๎€“๎€˜
๎€ฌ๎€ฌ๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎ตพ๎ถ‹๎ถ‰๎ถ‹๎ตพ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎ถ๎ตพ๎ถˆ๎ถ‹๎ถ’๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€—๎€“๎€›
๎€ฌ๎€น๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎ถ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€บ๎ตบ๎ถ‹๎ถ‹๎ตพ๎ถ‡๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถŽ๎ถ‹๎ถ๎€ƒ๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎ตฝ๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎ถˆ๎ตผ๎ถ‚๎ตบ๎ถ…๎€ƒ๎ถ‹๎ตพ๎ตฟ๎ถˆ๎ถ‹๎ถ†๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘ ๎€—๎€”๎€“
๎€น๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ถˆ๎ตป๎ตพ๎ถ‹๎ถ๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎ถˆ๎ถ‹๎ถ„๎€ƒ๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎ตฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎ถ‹๎ถ‚๎ถ€๎ถ‚๎ถ‡๎ตบ๎ถ…๎ถ‚๎ถŒ๎ถ†๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘ ๎€—๎€”๎€•
๎€น๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎ถ†๎ถ‰๎ตบ๎ถŒ๎ถŒ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎ตฝ๎€ƒ๎ตบ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎ถˆ๎ถŒ๎ถŒ๎ถ‚๎ตป๎ถ…๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€บ๎ตบ๎ถ’๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎ถˆ๎ถ‹๎ถ๎ตบ๎ถ‹๎ตฝ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€—๎€”๎€˜
๎€ฆ๎€ฒ๎€ฑ๎€ท๎€จ๎€ฑ๎€ท๎€ถ
๎‡๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎๎ˆ๎„๎•๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎“๎ˆ๎๎๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€‘
๎€ฎ๎€จ๎€ผ๎€บ๎€ฒ๎€ต๎€ง๎€ถ
U.S. Supreme Court, Constitutional Interpretation, Judicial Role
402

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