Shifting Authority: Indigenous Law-Making and State Governance

AuthorLeah Sarson
DOIhttp://doi.org/10.1177/03058298221084001
Published date01 July 2022
Date01 July 2022
Subject MatterOriginal Articles
https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298221084001
Millennium: Journal of
International Studies
2023, Vol. 50(3) 601 –622
© The Author(s) 2022
Article reuse guidelines:
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DOI: 10.1177/03058298221084001
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Shifting Authority: Indigenous
Law-Making and State
Governance
Leah Sarson
Dalhousie University, Canada
Abstract
How can Indigenous law-making affect state authority? I examine this in the context of Canada’s
extractive sector, where I question how and when Indigenous laws prevail over state laws to
challenge colonial authority and reassert Indigenous self-determination. Although the state
claims supreme authority, Indigenous governments are enacting their own laws, laws that are
sometimes in tension with those of the state. I demonstrate that while the state usually responds
to contentious Indigenous law-making with conflict, under certain conditions Indigenous
communities can incite the state to reverse its position to one of acquiescence or cooperation.
By drawing on insights from three Indigenous communities in Canada, I offer four conditions
under which Indigenous peoples and governments may be able to compel the state to relent and
accrue authority, including by preparing to engage in a long-term project, by fomenting community
cohesion, by exploiting evolving international norms related to Indigenous rights, and by offering
viable governance alternatives to colonial legislation. By highlighting new sites of authority and
resistance, this work underscores the transformative possibilities of Indigenous politics.
Keywords
indigenous, Canada, authority
Une autorité en évolution : pouvoir législatif autochtone et
gouvernance publique
Résumé
Comment le pouvoir législatif autochtone peut-il affecter l’autorité de l’État ? J’étudie cette
question dans le contexte du secteur minier canadien, en enquêtant sur la manière dont les
lois autochtones peuvent l’emporter sur les lois de l’État canadien, ce qui permet de contester
l’autorité coloniale et de réaffirmer l’autodétermination des peuples autochtones. Bien que l’État
revendique l’autorité suprême, les gouvernements autochtones promulguent leurs propres
lois, qui sont parfois en contradiction avec celles de l’État. Je démontre que, si l’État répond
habituellement au pouvoir législatif autochtone par le conflit, les communautés autochtones
Corresponding author:
Leah Sarson, Department of Political Science, Dalhousie University, 6299 South St, Rm 301, PO Box 15000,
Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
Email: Leah.Sarson@dal.ca
1084001MIL0010.1177/03058298221084001Millennium – Journal of International StudiesSarson
research-article2022
Original Article
602 Millennium: Journal of International Studies 50(3)
peuvent, sous certaines conditions, inciter l’État à adopter une position de consentement ou de
coopération. En m’appuyant sur les observations de trois communautés autochtones du Canada,
je présente quatre conditions grâce auxquelles les peuples et les gouvernements autochtones
peuvent contraindre l’État à reculer et accumuler elles-mêmes de l’autorité : en se projetant
des projets à long terme, en favorisant la cohésion sociale, en exploitant l’évolution des normes
internationales relatives aux droits des peuples autochtones et en offrant des alternatives de
gouvernance viables à la législation coloniale. En mettant en avant de nouveaux espaces d’autorité
et de résistance, cette étude souligne les possibilités de transformation de la politique autochtone.
Mots-clés
autochtone, Canada, autorité
Autoridad en transformación: La elaboración de leyes indígenas y la
gobernanza del Estado
Resumen
¿De qué manera puede afectar la elaboración de leyes indígenas a la autoridad estatal? Tomando
como contexto el sector extractivo de Canadá, examino esta cuestión analizando cómo y cuándo
prevalecen las leyes indígenas sobre las leyes del Estado, para desafiar la autoridad colonial y
reafirmar la autodeterminación indígena. Aunque el Estado reivindique la autoridad suprema, los
gobiernos indígenas aplican sus propias leyes, que a veces entran en conflicto con las leyes del
Estado. En el artículo demuestro que, aunque el Estado suele responder mediante el conflicto a la
legislación indígena contenciosa, en ciertas circunstancias las comunidades indígenas pueden incitar
al Estado a revertir su posición hacia una postura de aquiescencia o cooperación. Basándome en las
percepciones de tres comunidades indígenas de Canadá, describo cuatro condiciones bajo las cuales
los pueblos y gobiernos indígenas pueden ser capaces de obligar al Estado a ceder acumulando así
autoridad, incluso mediante la participación en un proyecto a largo plazo, el fomento de la cohesión
de la comunidad, el aprovechamiento de la evolución de las normas internacionales relacionadas con
los derechos indígenas y el ofrecimiento de formas de gobierno viables alternativas a la legislación
colonial. Al poner de relieve nuevos sitios de autoridad y resistencia, este trabajo subraya las
posibilidades transformativas de la política indígena.
Palabras clave
Indígena, Canadá, autoridad
Considering the overwhelming power of the state vis-à-vis Indigenous governments
and communities, we would expect that Indigenous laws would not prevail over state
laws when the two are in tension. And yet, across Canada and throughout the fourth
world, Indigenous peoples are successfully institutionalising laws that contradict the
priorities and preferences of the state. The question of why a state backs down during
conflict with another actor is well-studied in International Relations. The International
Relations literature examines credibility, appeasement, deterrence, coercion, compli-
ance, and other strategic interactions during conflict, but considerations of Indigenous
peoples and governments are limited to domestic politics. Indigenous peoples are
almost never attempting to replace the sovereign state – indeed, most Indigenous schol-
arship on self-determination rejects the European concept of sovereignty both in the
context of rejecting colonial domination and colonial conceptions of autonomy. And
yet, in the cases outlined here, I reveal patterns in which the state cedes its authority to
a seemingly much less powerful actor. The question remains: why?

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