The Curious Incident of Trump and the Courts: Interbranch Deference in an Age of Populism

AuthorBruce G. Peabody
PositionProfessor of Political Science, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, New Jersey, B.A., 1991, Wesleyan University, Ph.D., 2000, University of Texas at Austin
Pages237-256
๎€ท๎ถ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถŽ๎ถ‹๎ถ‚๎ถˆ๎ถŽ๎ถŒ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎ถ‡๎ตผ๎ถ‚๎ตฝ๎ตพ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎€ƒ๎ถˆ๎ตฟ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎ถ‹๎ถŽ๎ถ†๎ถ‰๎€ƒ๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎ตฝ๎€ƒ๎ถ๎ถ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถŽ๎ถ‹๎ถ๎ถŒ๎€๎€ƒ
๎€ฌ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎ตพ๎ถ‹๎ตป๎ถ‹๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎ตผ๎ถ๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ตพ๎ตฟ๎ตพ๎ถ‹๎ตพ๎ถ‡๎ตผ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎ถ‚๎ถ‡๎€ƒ๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎€ƒ๎€ค๎ถ€๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎ถˆ๎ตฟ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎ถˆ๎ถ‰๎ถŽ๎ถ…๎ถ‚๎ถŒ๎ถ†
๎€ฅ๎•๎˜๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ช๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎ˆ๎„๎…๎’๎‡๎œ๎€
๎€ค๎€ฅ๎€ถ๎€ท๎€ต๎€ค๎€ฆ๎€ท
Given President Donald Trumpโ€™s generally non-deferential posture towards national
political and governing institutions, why hasnโ€™t his administration produced
greater tension with respect to judges, courts, and established norms of judicial
independence? Increased politicization of the judiciary, deepening partisanship, and
distinct attributes of the President himself all seem to set up a climate of interbranch
confrontation likely to challenge judicial independence norms. But at least in the
๎‚ฟ๎•๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎š๎’๎€ƒ๎œ๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎–๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎“๎“๎’๎–๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ
analysis documents and accounts for this puzzle, ultimately contending that the
Presidentโ€™s unexpected (and admittedly fragile) institutional comity can be traced to
his personal history of relying on legal safeguards and authority as well as a complex
stew of partisan and ideological uncertainty about the future direction of courts.
๎€ฎ๎€จ๎€ผ๎€บ๎€ฒ๎€ต๎€ง๎€ถ
Comity, Federal Courts, Judicial Independence, Judicial Politics, Partisanship,
Populism, Separation of Powers, Trump
๎€ฆ๎€ฒ๎€ฑ๎€ท๎€จ๎€ฑ๎€ท๎€ถ
๎€ฅ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎ˆ๎Š๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎—๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎€š๎€‹๎€•๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€›๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ง๎€ฒ๎€ฌ๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€“๎€‘๎€•๎€—๎€š๎€›๎€’๎…๎๎„๎๎–๎€๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€›๎€๎€“๎€“๎€”๎€”
ยฉ 2018 Bruce G. Peabody, published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License.
๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ณ๎•๎’๎‰๎ˆ๎–๎–๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ฉ๎„๎Œ๎•๎๎ˆ๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ง๎Œ๎†๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎„๎‡๎Œ๎–๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎ˆ๎•๎–๎ˆ๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎€‘๎€ค๎€‘๎€๎€ƒ
๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€”๎€๎€ƒ๎€บ๎ˆ๎–๎๎ˆ๎œ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎‹๎€‘๎€ง๎€‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€“๎€๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ท๎ˆ๎›๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎€ค๎˜๎–๎—๎Œ๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎†๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎š๎’๎•๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎“๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€š๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎’๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎’๎๎’๎Š๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‘๎‘๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎€ฆ๎’๎‘๎‰๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ณ๎‹๎Œ๎๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎๎“๎‹๎Œ๎„๎€ž๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎˜๎—๎‹๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎Ž๎–๎€ƒ ๎€ฐ๎Œ๎†๎‹๎„๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ ๎€ถ๎—๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎™๎„๎๎˜๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎„๎•๎†๎‹๎€ƒ
๎„๎–๎–๎Œ๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎‹๎ˆ๎๎‡๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ช๎’๎๎‡๎๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎–๎‹๎„๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎„๎•๎†๎‹๎€๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฅ๎ˆ๎†๎—๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎๎๎ˆ๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎„๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ ๎€ฒ๎ตถ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ
๎—๎•๎„๎™๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎“๎“๎’๎•๎—๎€๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎€จ๎๎Œ๎๎„๎…๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎•๎’๎š๎‘๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ญ๎„๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ซ๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ต๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎†๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎€ฌ๎•๎ˆ๎๎„๎‘๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎€ญ๎’๎‹๎‘๎€ƒ
๎€ฎ๎•๎„๎๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎–๎€‘
๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎ถ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ตพ๎ตผ๎ตพ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎ตพ๎ถ‘๎ถ๎€ƒ๎ถˆ๎ตฟ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎ตพ๎ถ‹๎ตป๎ถ‹๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎ตผ๎ถ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎ตฟ๎ถ…๎ถ‚๎ตผ๎ถ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘ ๎€•๎€–๎€›
๎€ค๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€•๎€–๎€œ
๎€ฅ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ต๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎œ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ณ๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎–๎„๎‘๎–๎‹๎Œ๎“๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€•๎€—๎€“
๎€ฌ๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎ถ‹๎ถŽ๎ถ†๎ถ‰๎€ƒ๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎ตฝ๎€ƒ๎ถ๎ถ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถŽ๎ถ‹๎ถ๎ถŒ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€•๎€—๎€–
๎€ค๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎–๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€•๎€—๎€–
๎€ฅ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎“๎˜๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎†๎’๎‘๎’๎†๎๎„๎–๎๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€•๎€—๎€˜
๎€ฌ๎€ฌ๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎ตผ๎ตผ๎ถˆ๎ถŽ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถ‡๎ถ€๎€ƒ๎ตฟ๎ถˆ๎ถ‹๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎ถ‹๎ตพ๎ถŒ๎ถ‚๎ตฝ๎ตพ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ตบ๎ถ…๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ตพ๎ตฟ๎ตพ๎ถ‹๎ตพ๎ถ‡๎ตผ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€•๎€—๎€™
๎€ค๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€จ๎›๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎“๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€•๎€—๎€œ
๎€ฅ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎„๎๎Œ๎๎Œ๎„๎•๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎„๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€•๎€˜๎€“
๎€ฆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎–๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ง๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎Œ๎๎Œ๎…๎•๎Œ๎˜๎๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€•๎€˜๎€”
๎€ฌ๎€น๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎ถˆ๎ถ‹๎ตพ๎ตผ๎ตบ๎ถŒ๎ถ๎ถ‚๎ถ‡๎ถ€๎€ƒ๎ถ๎ถ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎ถŽ๎ถ๎ถŽ๎ถ‹๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘๎€‘ ๎€•๎€˜๎€—
7 Br. J. Am. Leg. Studies (2018)
๎€ช๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎€ง๎’๎‘๎„๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎˜๎๎“๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎‘๎€๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎—๎„๎Š๎’๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎–๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎—๎’๎š๎„๎•๎‡๎–๎€ƒ ๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎œ๎€ƒ ๎‹๎„๎–๎‘๎‚ถ๎—๎€ƒ ๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎‡๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ
๎“๎•๎’๎‡๎˜๎†๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎‡๎Š๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎–๎—๎„๎…๎๎Œ๎–๎‹๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎•๎๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎“๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ข๎€ƒ๎€ท๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎˜๎–๎–๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎•๎œ๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎‘๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎๎๎Œ๎Š๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎œ๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎ˆ๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎•๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎‡๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎€
๎†๎„๎๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎—๎•๎„๎™๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎‘๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎๎Œ๎Š๎•๎„๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎‰๎˜๎Š๎ˆ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎•๎’๎๎€ƒ๎๎„๎๎’๎•๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€๎€ฐ๎˜๎–๎๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎†๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎–๎๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€‘๎‚ด๎€”๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎…๎˜๎Ž๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎•๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎–๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎Œ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎’๎š๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฅ๎ˆ๎•๎Š๎‡๎„๎‹๎๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎–๎’๎๎‡๎Œ๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎’๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎•๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎“๎’๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‰๎Š๎‹๎„๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎…๎–๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎“๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎„๎๎Œ๎…๎„๎‘๎€‘๎€•๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎˜๎๎“๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎„๎•๎Š๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎‹๎€ƒ
๎€ฆ๎Œ๎•๎†๎˜๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎ˆ๎„๎๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎†๎˜๎๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎•๎Œ๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎†๎’๎•๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎—๎˜๎•๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎‚ด๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎•๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎˜๎•๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎’๎˜๎—๎•๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎’๎˜๎–๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€‘๎€–
๎€ฅ๎˜๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎’๎๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎“๎•๎’๎„๎†๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎•๎„๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎˜๎๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎“๎“๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎š๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎’๎˜๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎“๎„๎•๎Œ๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎Š๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎–๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎š๎„๎•๎‡๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎๎๎Œ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎๎๎˜๎‘๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎—๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎„๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎•๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎š๎’๎€ƒ ๎œ๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎˜๎๎“๎€ƒ
๎€บ๎‹๎Œ๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎’๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎–๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎“๎“๎’๎–๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎…๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎‡๎‘๎‚ถ๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎•๎Ž๎‚ฒ๎„๎€ƒ
๎–๎˜๎•๎“๎•๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎—๎†๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Š๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‘๎˜๎๎ˆ๎•๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎†๎—๎’๎•๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎š๎„๎•๎‡๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€
๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎๎„๎๎’๎•๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎š๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎•๎Š๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎‰๎•๎’๎๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎“๎˜๎๎“๎Œ๎—๎€‘
๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎๎๎’๎š๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎„๎๎œ๎–๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎…๎’๎—๎‹๎€ƒ ๎‡๎’๎†๎˜๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎†๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎“๎˜๎๎๎๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฌ๎€ƒ
๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎™๎„๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎‹๎œ๎“๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎œ๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎†๎’๎‘๎’๎†๎๎„๎–๎—๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎“๎’๎“๎˜๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎€ƒ
๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎˜๎๎“๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎š๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎–๎“๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎—๎•๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎’๎–๎—๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎–๎€๎€ƒ ๎„๎“๎“๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎—๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎•๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎„๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎–๎š๎ˆ๎ˆ๎“๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎‘๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎๎—๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎€๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎“๎๎„๎˜๎–๎Œ๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎๎„๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ
๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎ˆ๎›๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎€‹๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎‡๎๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎•๎„๎Š๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€Œ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎—๎•๎„๎†๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎˜๎๎“๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎–๎—๎’๎•๎œ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎๎œ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎๎€ƒ๎–๎„๎‰๎ˆ๎Š๎˜๎„๎•๎‡๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎˜๎—๎‹๎’๎•๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎๎“๎๎ˆ๎›๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎Œ๎๎๎€ƒ ๎…๎˜๎…๎…๎๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎–๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎’๎๎’๎Š๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎•๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎—๎œ๎€ƒ ๎„๎…๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎˜๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฐ๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎•๎’๎„๎‡๎๎œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎†๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ
๎‰๎•๎„๎๎ˆ๎š๎’๎•๎Ž๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎“๎„๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎š๎ˆ๎•๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎‹๎œ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎€๎“๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎–๎„๎‘๎–๎‹๎Œ๎“๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎—๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎“๎„๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎—๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎˜๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎๎๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎—๎š๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎„๎‡๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎“๎ˆ๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎‚ถ๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎‡๎Š๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎•๎’๎„๎‡๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎“๎˜๎…๎๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎œ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎‹๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎“๎Œ๎—๎„๎๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‰๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€‘
๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎ถ๎ตพ๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ตพ๎ตผ๎ตพ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎ตพ๎ถ‘๎ถ๎€ƒ๎ถˆ๎ตฟ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎ถ‡๎ถ๎ตพ๎ถ‹๎ตป๎ถ‹๎ตบ๎ถ‡๎ตผ๎ถ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ถˆ๎ถ‡๎ตฟ๎ถ…๎ถ‚๎ตผ๎ถ
๎€ค๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎˜๎๎“๎€ƒ๎„๎‡๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎Ž๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ
๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎„๎†๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎—๎š๎’๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎Œ๎๎„๎•๎œ๎€ƒ ๎–๎’๎˜๎•๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ ๎…๎•๎’๎„๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎…๎•๎„๎‘๎†๎‹๎€ƒ
๎€”๎€ƒ ๎€ฅ๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎‘๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎˜๎–๎—๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒIn His Own Words: The Presidentโ€™s Attacks on the Courts, ๎€ญ๎˜๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€˜๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€š๎€๎€ƒ๎‹๎—๎—๎“๎–๎€๎€’๎€’๎š๎š๎š๎€‘๎…๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎‘๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€‘๎’๎•๎Š๎€’๎„๎‘๎„๎๎œ๎–๎Œ๎–๎€’๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€๎’๎š๎‘๎€๎š๎’๎•๎‡๎–๎€๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€๎„๎—๎—๎„๎†๎Ž๎–๎€๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€‘
๎€•๎€ƒ ๎€ฐ๎ˆ๎•๎•๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฎ๎ˆ๎‘๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎œ๎€๎€ƒBowe Bergdahlโ€™s Sentence: No Prison Time๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎€ณ๎€ต๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎’๎™๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€š๎€๎€ƒ๎‹๎—๎—๎“๎–๎€๎€’๎€’
๎š๎š๎š๎€‘๎‘๎“๎•๎€‘๎’๎•๎Š๎€’๎–๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎—๎š๎’๎€๎š๎„๎œ๎€’๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€š๎€’๎€”๎€”๎€’๎€“๎€–๎€’๎€˜๎€™๎€”๎€›๎€˜๎€•๎€š๎€•๎€”๎€’๎…๎’๎š๎ˆ๎€๎…๎ˆ๎•๎Š๎‡๎„๎‹๎๎–๎€๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€
๎‘๎’๎€๎“๎•๎Œ๎–๎’๎‘๎€๎—๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€‘
๎€–๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎€ซ๎„๎š๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎–๎€๎€ƒ Trump Takes up GOP Tradition of Bashing 9th Circuit, a.k.a. โ€˜9th
Circus,โ€™๎€ƒ๎€บ๎ตบ๎ถŒ๎ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎ถˆ๎ถŒ๎ถ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€•๎€š๎€๎€ƒ ๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€š๎€๎€ƒ ๎‹๎—๎—๎“๎–๎€๎€’๎€’๎š๎š๎š๎€‘๎š๎„๎–๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎—๎’๎‘๎“๎’๎–๎—๎€‘๎†๎’๎๎€’๎‘๎ˆ๎š๎–๎€’๎๎’๎•๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€
๎๎Œ๎›๎€’๎š๎“๎€’๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€š๎€’๎€“๎€—๎€’๎€•๎€š๎€’๎—๎•๎˜๎๎“๎€๎—๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎–๎€๎˜๎“๎€๎‹๎’๎„๎•๎œ๎€๎Š๎’๎“๎€๎—๎•๎„๎‡๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎’๎‰๎€๎…๎„๎–๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€๎€œ๎—๎‹๎€๎†๎Œ๎•๎†๎˜๎Œ๎—๎€๎„๎Ž๎„๎€
๎€œ๎—๎‹๎€๎†๎Œ๎•๎†๎˜๎–๎€’๎€ข๎‘๎’๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ ๎’๎‘๎€‰๎˜๎—๎๎‚๎—๎ˆ๎•๎๎€ ๎€‘๎€•๎€“๎„๎€–๎ˆ๎€•๎€š๎‡๎€˜๎„๎€œ๎‰๎€‘
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