Upper Tribunal (Immigration and asylum chamber), 2007-02-22, [2007] UKAIT 18 (AB (Protection, criminal gangs, internal relocation))
| Jurisdiction | UK Non-devolved |
| Judge | Dr HH Storey, Mr A L McGeachy, Mrs M E McGregor |
| Status | Reported |
| Date | 22 February 2007 |
| Published date | 23 February 2007 |
| Court | Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) |
| Hearing Date | 19 December 2006 |
| Subject Matter | Protection, criminal gangs, internal relocation |
| Appeal Number | [2007] UKAIT 18 |
Asylum and Immigration Tribunal
AB (Protection –criminal gangs-internal relocation) Jamaica CG [2007] UKAIT 00018
THE IMMIGRATION ACTS
|
Heard at Field House |
Determination Promulgated |
|
on 19 December 2006
|
On 22 February 2007 |
|
|
|
Before
Senior Immigration Judge Storey
Senior Immigration Judge McGeachy
Mrs M E McGregor
Between
Appellant
and
Secretary of State for the Home Department
Respondent
Representation:
For the Appellant: Miss B Asanovic, Counsel, instructed by Wilson & Co.
For the Respondent: Miss R Brown, Home Office Presenting Officer
The authorities in Jamaica are in general willing and able to provide effective protection. However, unless reasonably likely to be admitted into the Witness Protection programme, a person targeted by a criminal gang will not normally receive effective protection in his home area.
Whether such a person will be able to achieve protection by relocating will depend on his particular circumstances, but the evidence does not support the view that internal relocation is an unsafe or unreasonable option in Jamaica in general: it is a matter for determination on the facts of each individual case.
DETERMINATION AND REASONS
1. The appellant is a citizen of Jamaica aged 26. She arrived in the UK in November 2001 as a visitor. On 23 November 2004 she claimed asylum. Her daughter, who is a dependant in this appeal and is now aged 12, had joined her in the UK in July 2002. In a determination notified on 29 July 2005 Immigration Judge Tiffen allowed her appeal on asylum and human rights grounds against a decision of 23 May 2005 refusing to grant her asylum and giving directions for her removal.
2. The immigration judge found that the appellant had given a credible account: in the summary of it which follows we use fictitious initials. She accepted that the appellant began a relationship with F, an area leader of a criminal gang in his area, when she was fourteen. She became pregnant soon after. On occasions F would punch her and she would be bruised. After she gave birth to her daughter in 1994, she moved in with F. We do not identify where the appellant lived precisely, but it was within the Kingston Metropolitan Area (hereafter “KMA”). His occasional beatings continued. She was scared of him. He would sometimes disappear and on one occasion he was gone for two-and-half years and she heard he had been in prison. During this time his friends checked up on her. Even so, she began an affair with G and fell pregnant. F found out about this whilst in prison and one of his fellow gang members delivered a letter from him threatening to kill her, the baby and G. The appellant and G decided to separate and let him raise their child with his mother’s help. When F came out of prison he tried to rape the appellant and continued to be violent against her; threatening her with a gun on one occasion. She was too afraid to go to the police as she believed F would learn she had informed on him; also she did not think they would do anything. Around 1999/2000 F disappeared and the appellant heard from neighbours that he was suspected of having killed a rival area gang leader from the same gang - which she thought must be the One Order gang. The appellant never saw him again.
3. A couple of weeks after he had left, two men came to her house wanting to know where F was. They slapped and hit her, accused her of lying and threatened to kill her. They also warned her not to go to the police saying that they would know if she did. The appellant was scared. She and her daughter left the house and moved in with her grandmother, who lived relatively close by. About a week after, they tracked her down. They forced her into a car and took her to the coast where they raped and sexually abused her and also hit her. When they left her they said they were not finished with her. A man stopped his car and took her to her grandmother’s. She went to hospital that night and had stitches and was treated as a precaution for gonorreah. Her grandmother was frightened for her and sent her and her daughter to a friend who lived in a rural area, about forty five minutes drive away. She stayed there for several months but did not go out and was too scared to even sit on the veranda. She heard that the gang members kept harassing her grandmother. Her grandmother raised the money for her to flee Jamaica in November 2001. Her daughter followed in July 2002. The appellant was traumatised and did not discuss her experiences with anyone in the UK until she claimed asylum.
4. In assessing whether the appellant's experiences would place her at real risk of persecution the immigration judge found, largely on the basis of an expert report of Mr O.Hilaire Sobers (hereafter “Mr Sobers”), that the Jamaican authorities did not provide a sufficiency of protection. Turning to the appellant's particular circumstances Mr Sobers stated:
“20. Although this appellant did not make any reports to the police she believed that to do so would be of no use and could lead to her being suspected of being an informer is objectively supported by the background material. To report the domestic violence would have meant that the appellant would have had to name the perpetrator who would then inflict further violence because of her informing against him. Similarly to report the gangs would have been of little use as the background material shows that criminal gangs operate with impunity. I find that the Jamaican government are unable to offer a sufficiency of protection to women against domestic violence and against being targeted by criminal gangs.”
5. The immigration judge went on to find that the appellant had been persecuted for a Convention reason, “namely women who are perceived as informers and who are unprotected by the state.” There is, she stated, “an insufficiency of protection in Jamaica for such a social group”.
6. At paragraph 23 the immigration judge stated that the appellant did not have a viable internal relocation alternative:
“23. The respondent’s representative has raised the issue of internal flight as an alternative to international protection. The court report refers to migratory crime and that victims of gang directed crime are unable to internally relocate within Jamaica. The report by Mr Sobers in the case of Atkinson also states that “simply put relocation will neither eliminate nor substantially reduce the risk of harm from gang reprisal”. The appellant attempted to relocate but whilst she was staying with a friend of her grandmother’s, she was unable to go out even on to the veranda and would require social and economic support which is not available to her. I find that the appellant would be unable to relocate in Jamaica and it would be unduly harsh for a lone female with a young child to have to do so.”
7. The respondent sought and obtained on order for reconsideration. This resulted in a decision of a panel notified on 30 January 2006 finding that the Immigration Judge had materially erred in law. Senior Immigration Judge King’s reasons were as follows:
“1. The IJ misunderstood the nature and effect of Atkinson. That decision was one about certification only as was made clear by the Tribunal in NR Jamaica [2005] UKIAT 0008, a determination which was served by post on 12 July and received on 13 July. The IJ made no reference to that. NR if read would have given clearer guidance on that issue.
2. The IJ failed to indicate upon what objective evidence the decision was made and/failed to consider properly the objective evidence presented. Miss Ahluelia submitted that the IJ relied on the evidence of Mr Sobers which was cited by the court in Atkinson with approval [paragraphs 24-33-34-40-55 of Atkinson]. It was submitted that paras 6.200, 6.202, 6.206, 6.123 and 5.93 of the CIPU supported Mr Sobers. Miss Brown suggests that 5.59, 5.70, 5.77-80, 8.52-100, 5.105 and 6.16 of the CIPU indicated that there was a sufficiency of protection. CIPU Report April 2005 was more recent and at least ought to have been considered. Particularly in the light of NR, I find failure to consider material evidence or to make a proper assessment.
3. IJ applied Atkinson and finds Convention reason on the basis that the appellant is wanted as an informer or perceived informer [Para 22]. Such is to fundamentally misunderstand the nature of the case. She is wanted by the gang not as an informer but because she may know the whereabouts of her boyfriend for whom they are looking.
We find there to be no basis upon which a Convention reason under the [Refugee] Convention can be established.
4. It is submitted that the decision on Article 8 shall stand as it was not challenged by the respondent in the grounds. It was allowed because of the finding that the appellant falls under 1951...
To continue reading
Request your trial