V International Relations Relations Internationales
| DOI | 10.1177/002083451806800505 |
| Published date | 01 October 2018 |
| Date | 01 October 2018 |
| Subject Matter | Abstract |
663
V
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES
(a) International law, organization and administration/Droit international, organisation et adm inistration internationales
68.6458 ANSORG, Nadine ; HAASTRUP, Toni — Gender and the
EU's support for security sector reform in fragile con-
texts. Journal of Common Market Studies 56(5), July 2018 :
1127-1143.
How does the EU include "gender" within its support to security-sector
reform (SSR) programs? The EU has committed to include gender
perspectives by implementing the Women, Peace and Security agenda
(WPS) within its foreign security practices. While researchers and practi-
tioners recognize the importance of integrating gender issues into SSR
operational effectiveness, there is limited knowledge about how this
functions within the EU's security architecture. This article uses Feminist
Institutionalism (FI) to understand the process of gender mainstreaming
within the EU's support to SSR programs. It uses two crucial theory-
testing cases of SSR programs — Ukraine and Afghanistan. It finds that
the EU's ability to promote gender inclusive approaches to SSR is limited
by the structure of the EU's own assumptions and capabilities, and
institutional constraints in third countries. [R, abr.]
68.6459 ARTHUIS, Jean ; FARRELL, Henry — What future for a
democratic Europe following Brexit? Tocqueville Review
39(1), 2018 : 37-48.
Brexit casts a cruel light on the institutional fragility of the EU. Beyond
the EU’s significant achievements the deficits in democracy and govern-
ance are enormous. The time has come to identify the “public goods”
that EU Member States can effectively assume at the national level, on
the one hand, and those that must now be collectively supported within
the Union, on the other. More than ever, Europeans need “public goods”,
some of which can be made available to them only by Europe. This is
why Brexit gives Europe a chance to set itself the goal of becoming a
world power. The EU would be better served by accepting the inevitabil-
ity of political disagreement, and indeed harnessing it, by providing
individuals with the real opportunity to vote on which kind of “Europe”
they wanted. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 68.6489]
68.6460 ASEN, Hartmut — Information sharing, secrecy and trust
among law enforcement and secret service institutions in
the European Union. West European Politics 41(4), 2018 :
981-1002.
Transnational information-sharing among security agencies in the EU and
beyond has grown considerably more important over the past decades.
Centralized databases and numerous formal and informal networks now
facilitate cooperation and information sharing. However, sharing intelli-
gence may not only conflict with the protection of fundamental rights (data
protection/privacy; presumption of innocence), but also with the organiza-
tional culture of institutions that are built upon secrecy. Police agencies
often keep knowledge about individual cases and their strategies secret as
long as possible. Intelligence services build their work and strategies upon
secrecy even more. This paper analyses the variations of secrecy that can
be observed for police agencies and secret services, and the relationship
between information-sharing among security agencies, secrecy, trust,
transparency and accountability. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 68.6806]
68.6461 BARBOTO, Jean-Christophe — Le Traité de Rome et la
culture ou les ambivalences du fonctionnalisme (The
Rome Treaty and culture or the ambivalences of func-
tionalism). Revue du Marché commun et de l'Union eu-
ropéenne 619, June 2018 : 363-369.
The choice of a text focused on the economy, governed by a functionalist
logic and marked by a receding of supranationality involved excluding
the cultural question from the field of community action. This was a
historic break: culture was generally considered as a major vector in
favor of the construction of Europe. Paradoxically, especially because
the economy and culture cannot be totally separated, it is this same
choice that will ultimately allow the institutions to intervene in this area.
The space offered to culture thus appears to be symptomatic of the
ambivalence and potentialities offered by the Treaty of Rome. [R]
68.6462 BEAUCILLON, Charlotte — Opening up the horizon: the
ECJ’s new take on country sanctions. Common Market
Law Review 55(2), 2018 : 387-415.
“Country sanctions” refer to a range of measures taken against third States
generally both in reaction to an alleged breach of their international obliga-
tions and to force the target to amend its conduct accordingly. Until recently,
country sanctions were overshadowed by the case law on counterterrorism
sanctions. As of now, country sanctions will probably prevail in terms of
case load and innovation. The present study is based on the systematic
analysis of over 100 decisions by the EU judicature forming the country-
sanctions case law of the last four years and aims to interpret and set out
the new perspectives of this case law. [R, abr.]
68.6463 BLUMENAU, Jack ; LAUDERDALE, Benjamin E. — Never let
a good crisis go to waste: agenda-setting and legislative
voting in response to the EU crisis. Journal of Politics
80(2), Apr. 2018 : 462-478.
The EU’s policy response to the recent global economic crisis transferred
significant powers from the national to the European level. When exoge-
nous shocks make status quo policies less attractive, legislators become
more tolerant to proposed alternatives, and the policy discretion of
legislative agenda-setters increases. Given control of the EU agenda-
setting process by pro-integration actors, we argue that this dynamic
explains changes in voting patterns of the European Parliament during
the crisis period. We observe voting coalitions increasingly dividing
legislators along the pro-anti integration, rather than the left-right dimen-
sion of disagreement, but only in policy areas related to the crisis. In line
with more qualitative assessments of the content of passed legislation,
the implication is that pro-integration actors were able to shift policy
further toward integration than they could have without the crisis. [R]
68.6464 BODE, Ingvild — Reflective practices at the Security
Council: children and armed conflict and the three United
Nations. European Journal of International Relations 24(2),
June 2018 : 293-318.
The United Nations Security Council passed its first resolution on chil-
dren in armed conflict in 1999, making it one of the oldest examples of
Security Council engagement with a thematic mandate and leading to the
creation of a dedicated working group in 2005. Existing theoretical ac-
counts of the Security Council cannot account for the developing sub-
stance of the children and armed conflict agenda as they are macro-
oriented and focus exclusively on states. I argue that Security Council
decision-making on thematic mandates is a productive process whose
outcomes are created by and through practices of actors across the three
United Nations: member states (the first United Nations), United Nations
officials (the second United Nations) and non-governmental organiza-
tions (the third United Nations). [R, abr.]
68.6465 BODE, Ingvild ; HUELSS, Hendrik — Autonomous weapons
systems and changing norms in international relations.
Review of International Studies 44(3), July 2018 : 393-413.
Autonomous weapons systems (AWS) are emerging as key technologies
of future warfare. So far, academic debate concentrates on the legal-
ethical implications of AWS but these do not capture how AWS may
shape norms through defining diverging standards of appropriateness in
practice. In discussing AWS, the article formulates two critiques on
constructivist models of norm emergence: first, constructivist approaches
privilege the deliberative over the practical emergence of norms; and
second, they over-emphasize fundamental norms rather than also ac-
counting for procedural norms, which we introduce in this article. Elabo-
rating on these critiques allows us to respond to a significant gap in
research: we examine how standards of procedural appropriateness
emerging in the development and usage of AWS often contradict funda-
mental norms and public legitimacy expectations. [R, abr.]
68.6466 BRUNNÉE, Jutta ; TOOPE, Stephen J. — Self-defence
against non-state actors: are powerful states willing but
unable to change international law? International and
Comparative Law Quarterly 67(2), Apr. 2018 : 263-286.
Can a few primarily Western States expand the right to self-defense
against non-State actors, incorporating the unwilling or unable standard?
Even on a traditional reading of customary law formation, the answer is
International relations
664
no because proponents have failed to attract consistent and widespread
support. What is more, using our interactional international law approach,
we show that efforts to date have not been successful because they
have failed to address fundamental rule of law concerns. The current
state of world politics has perhaps caught proponents of the unwilling or
unable standard in a difficult bind. We suggest how proponents might
carefully develop the law on self-defense against non-State actors. [R]
68.6467 BÜRGIN, Alexander — Intra- and inter-institutional leader-
ship of the European Commission President: an as-
sessment of Juncker's organizational reforms. Journal of
Common Market Studies 56(4), May 2018 : 837-853.
By most accounts, the Commission President's potential for political
leadership within the EU system has declined since the 1990s, due to
the increasingly assertive role of the European Council, and a more
autonomous EP. Furthermore, the incumbent's authority over the Com-
mission is complicated by the Commission's internal fragmentation and
specialization. Based on interviews with experienced policy makers from
the Commission, the Council and the EP, th is article ar gues that
Juncker's leadership inside the Commission, as well as his leadership
within the EU system have been strengthened by his organizational
reforms, such as the introduction of project team leading Vice Presidents
and a stronger role of the Secretariat General. These findings challenge
the accounts emphasizing the declining leadership capacity of the Com-
mission. [R]
68.6468 BÚZÁS, Zoltán I. — Is the good news about law compli-
ance good news about norm compliance? The case of
racial equality. International Organization 72(2), Spring
2018 : 351-385.
I develop a theory of evasion to explain why norm violations persist even
when states technically comply with the law. Because legalization trans-
poses social norms into international law imperfectly, it creates gaps
between laws and underlying norms. Because of these norm-law gaps,
legality and normative appropriateness will diverge. States caught be-
tween opposing pressures from pro-violation and pro-compliance groups
exploit this gap through what I call evasion — the intentional minimiza-
tion of normative obligations that technically complies with international
law but violates underlying norms. I demonstrate the theory's empirical
purchase in the cases of the French expulsion of Roma immigrants and
the Czech school segregation of Roma children. Under the cover of
technical compliance with the law, these states violated the norm of
racial equality. [R, abr.]
68.6469 CAMPLING, Liam ; HAVICE, Elizabeth — The global envi-
ronmental politics and political economy of seafood sys-
tems. Global Environmental Politics 18(2), May 2018 : 72-92.
This article situates seafood in the larger intersection between global
environmental governance and the food system. Drawing inspiration
from the food regimes approach, we trace the historical unfolding of the
seafood system and its management between the 1930s and the 2010s.
We bridge global environmental politics research that has studied either
the politics of fisheries management or seafood sustainability govern-
ance, and we bring seafood and the fisheries crisis into food regimes
scholarship. Our findings reveal that the seafood system has remained
firmly dependent on the historical institutions of national seafood produc-
tion systems and, particularly, on the state-based regulatory regimes that
they promulgated in support of national economic and geopolitical inter-
ests. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 68.6474]
68.6470 CARDWELL, Paul James ; SNAITH, Holly — "There's a
brand new talk, but it's not very clear": can the contem-
porary EU really be characterized as ordoliberal? Journal
of Common Market Studies 56(5), July 2018 : 1053-1069.
Ordoliberalism has undergone a dramatic resurgence as a characteriza-
tion of the contemporary EU and its economic dimensions. Commenta-
tors have pointed to the "ordoliberalization" of EU economic policy with
Germany at its core, albeit with the latter taking the role of a "reluctant
hegemon". Perhaps as a result of this pervasive influence, some have
claimed that the EU is itself ordoliberal, resting on a particular under-
standing of the relationship between ordoliberalism and an "economic
constitution". For this claim to be substantiated, the characterization of
ordoliberalism needs to persist across time and the EU's law and policy-
making spaces. We examine this proposition, and argue that the influ-
ence of ordoliberalism can help a richer understanding of the contempo-
rary EU beyond the confines of the economic constitution and into its
evolving legal system(s). [R]
68.6471 CARRAPICO, Helena ; BARRINHA, Andre — European Union
cyber security as an emerging research and policy field.
European Politics and Society 19(3), June 2018 : 299-303.
The aim of this special section is to draw the readers' attention to what is
an emerging policy field, to call for further research to be conducted on
its multiple dimensions, and to encourage the expansion of the existing
body of literature. Although cyber security has now become part of our
daily lives and concerns, European Studies as a discipline is yet to fully
embrace the area as a subject of in-depth research. The four articles in
this special section are intended to contribute to filling this gap, by inter-
rogating what kind of actor the EU is in cyber security and what forms of
governance it employs in this area. [R] [Introduction to a symposium on
"European Union cyber security as an emerging research and policy
field", edited by the authors. See also Abstr. 68.6473, 6486, 6519, 6558]
68.6472 CHENEVAL, Francis ; FERRÍN, Mónica — Referendums in
the European Union: defective by birth? Journal of Com-
mon Market Studies 56(5), July 2018 : 1178-1194.
On the basis of a combined examination of normative claims and em piri-
cal evidence this paper discusses minimal criteria for the institutional
design of referendums on EU internal issues. These criteria concern the
mandatory (vs. optional), the simultaneous (vs. serial) and binding (vs.
consultative) nature of referendums. The proposed criteria are demand-
ing, both for the Member States and the EU, but experiences show that
the EU is in fact participating actively in EU issues referendums and
Member States as well as the EU need to surpass the current arbitrary
use of plebiscites by governments. On a broader scale the paper contrib-
utes to the insight that it might be time to fully address the use of direct
democracy at the national and EU levels. [R]
68.6473 CHRISTOU, George — The challenges of cybercrime
governance in the European Union. European Politics and
Society 19(3), June 2018 : 355-375.
Information and Communications Technologies, in particular the Internet,
have been an increasingly important aspect of global social, political and
economic life for two decades, and are the backbone of the global infor-
mation society today. In this context, the EU over the past ten years has
been developing its policies towards cyber threats. Drastically reducing
cybercrime featured as a key priority objective in the Cybersecurity
Strategy of the European Union (2013) delineating several lines of action,
including enhanced operational capability to combat cybercrime. Focus-
ing on the operational aspects and in particular the European Cybercrime
Centre’s Joint Cybercrime Action Taskforce, this article demonstrates
how this represents novel, collaborative and flexible (informal) govern-
ance bounded by a broader formal milieu, reflecting the complexity of
cybercrime investigations. It is also shown that, despite the relative
success of J-CAT, challenges still remain. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 68.6471]
68.6474 CLAPP, Jennifer — Mega-mergers on the menu: corporate
concentration and the politics of sustainability in the
global food system. Global Environmental Politics 18(2),
May 2018 : 12-33.
This article examines the environmental implications of corporate concen-
tration in the agricultural input sector and outlines the challenges of estab-
lishing effective international policy and governance on this issue. The
article makes two arguments. First, corporate concentration matters for food
system sustainability. Second, there is little recognition of the potential
connection between these issues in international governance measures.
The article outlines a number of factors that discourage the development of
policy and governance on these issues, including the lack of a clear scien-
tific consensus on how best to promote sustainable agriculture; the weak
and fragmented nature of regulatory frameworks and institutions that
oversee competition policy and food system sustainability; the power of
agribusiness firms to influence policy outcomes; and the complex and
distanced nature of the underlying drivers of corporate concentration in the
sector. [R, abr.] [First article of a thematic issue on "The global environ-
mental politics of food", edited and introduced, pp. 1-11, by Jennifer CLAPP
and Caitlin SCOTT. See also Abstr. 68.6469, 6479, 6507, 6524, 6528]
68.6475 CLIFTON, Judith ; DÍAZ FUENTES, Daniel ; GÓMEZ, Ana
Lara — The European Investment Bank: development, in-
tegration, investment? Journal of Common Market Studies
56(4), May 2018 : 733-750.
The European Investment Bank (EIB) constitutes one of the main institu-
tional pillars upon which the EU w as built. Despite this, the institution has
attracted surprisingly little research. The EIB Statutes can be boiled down
to three overarching objectives that its lending would prioritize — devel-
opment, integration and investment — but little is known about the extent
to which EIB loans fulfill each objective in practice. This article breaks
new ground by providing the first comprehensive qualitative and quantita-
tive analysis of EIB loans from its origins to the end of the Cold War. To
do so, lending patterns were reconstructed drawing on extensive archival
work. Results show that the EIB w as the first International Financial
Institution to place integration and development above the alleviation of
capital constraints. [R]
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