V International Relations / Relations Internationales
| DOI | 10.1177/0020834519880805 |
| Date | 01 October 2019 |
| Published date | 01 October 2019 |
| Subject Matter | Abstracts |
671
V
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES
(a) International law, organization and administration/Droit international, organisation et administration in ternationales
69.6524 ADAMSON, Liisi — Let them roar: small states as cyber
norm entrepreneurs. European Foreign Affairs Review
24(2), 2019 : 217-234.
A discourse on international cyber norms has emerged ever since the
United Nations Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the
Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of Interna-
tional Security (UN GGE) recommended eleven norms on responsible
state behaviour in cyberspace. In the face of political contestation re-
garding the regulation of cyberspace, norms are often seen as an easier
avenue for achieving consensus on responsible state behaviour than
international law. As a result, the academic and policy-making focus has
shifted to the creation of new norms. This article aims to explore the
process and potential of small states to become norm entrepreneurs in
cyberspace. It focuses on norm entrepreneurship concerning responsible
state behaviour in cyberspace. Hence, the focal point of the article is
norms by states for states. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 69.6660]
69.6525 AKALIYSKI, Plamen — United in diversity? The conver-
gence of cultural values among EU member states and
candidates. European Journal of Political Research 58(2),
May 2019 : 388-411.
This article focuses on the cultural aspect of European integration, which
has been increasingly debated over the course of deepening and widen-
ing integration and in the context of the legitimation crisis of the EU.
Among the main goals of the EU is to promote certain values, which
raises the question of whether it has been efficient in (or enabled) reduc-
ing cultural value gaps among the participating countries. World polity
and institutional isomorphism theories suggest that cultural values may
trickle down in a vertical manner. Hybridization theory postulates that
values diffuse horizontally through intensified interactions enabled by the
EU. To test these different scenarios, distances in emancipative and
secular values are compared across pairs of countries using combined
repeated cross-sectional data from the European Values Study and the
World Values Survey gathered between 1992 and 2011. [R, abr.]
69.6526 BECKER, Peter — The reform of European cohesion
policy or how to couple the streams successfully. Journal
of European Integration 41(2), March 2019 : 147-168.
Cohesion policy — characterized by path-dependency and only incre-
mental change — was reformed significantly in 2013. This case study
traces this ground-breaking and significant reform in a fairly path-
dependent environment by using J. W. Kingdon’s multiple streams
approach (MSA). The approach is adapted to the characteristics of
policy-making in the EU, the particularities of the Union’s multilevel
governance with its institutionalized and well-practised policy-making and
almost predictable policy windows. The modified approach helps to
separate two windows of opportunity with two different policy entrepre-
neurs. The first agenda window with the European Comm ission as
entrepreneur prepared the grounds for the decision window with an
entrepreneurial group of Member States. The second coupling reframed
and refocused the proposals of the agenda coupling and linked cohesion
policy more closely with the Union’s economic policy co-ordination. [R,
abr.]
69.6527 BICKERTON, Christopher J. — The limits of differentia-
tion: capitalist diversity and labour mobility as drivers of
Brexit. Comparative European Politics 17(2), Apr. 2019 :
231-245.
Differentiation’s success as a stabilization strategy for the EU reaches its
limits when faced with the tensions between the EU’s common rules and
the diversity of national capitalisms in Europe. The article focuses on one
such tension, namely between the EU’s rules on freedom of movement
and national labor market institutions, illustrating this tension by analyz-
ing the case of the UK. The article argues that the socio-economic effect
of migration was felt principally in the impact on skill-formation and in the
changing factor inputs of British businesses. These effects contributed to
the vote for Brexit. The centrality of freedom of movement to our under-
standings of EU citizenship and to the integrated nature of the European
common market makes it very unlikely that differentiation will be pursued
as a response to the tensions arising from intra-EU labor mobility. [R,
abr.] [See Abstr. 69.6564]
69.6528 BORZYSKOWSKI, Iken von ; VABULAS, Felicity — Credible
commitments? E xplaining IGO suspensions to sanction
political backsliding. International Studies Quarterly 63(1),
March 2019 : 139-152.
Why do intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) that espouse democratic
commitments suspend the membership of some states that backslide on
those commitments, w hile leaving that of others intact? We argue that a
combination of geopolitical factors and institutional rules help explain this
inconsistent pattern. Remaining member states insulate geopolitically
important states — particularly those with large endowments of oil re-
sources — from suspension. Institutional factors, such as voting rules
and the size of the IGO, create veto points that reduce suspensions.
Using an original global data-set of IGO suspensions and charter com-
mitments from 1980 to 2010, we find strong support for our argument.
We test a key assumption of existing scholarship that claims IGOs serve
as credible-commitment devices for political reform and democratization.
[R, abr.]
69.6529 BÜRGIN, Alexander — The implications of the better
regulation agenda for the European Parliament’s inter-
and intra-institutional power relations. Journal of Europe-
an Integration 41(2), March 2019 : 187-202.
Based on document analysis and interviews with me mbers of the EP and
EU officials, this article presents four key findings. First, the increase in
inter-institutional coordination has strengthened the EP president’s and
the chairs’ influence in their respective party groups but contributed to the
breakup of the informal grand coalition between the European People’s
Party and the Socialists and Democrats. Second, the frequent interaction
among these actors has contributed to a teamwork-oriented spirit to-
wards common commitments and their delivery. Third, the enhanced role
of the EP Secretariat has contributed to greater competition with the
party groups, with both sides vying to influence the discourses in the EP
committees. Finally, the increased level of expertise provided by the EP
Secretariat has strengthened the EP’s negotiation team in the trilogue
negotiations. [R, abr.]
69.6530 CARTER, David B. ; WELLHAUSEN, Rachel L. ; HUTH, Paul
K. — International law, territorial disputes, and foreign di-
rect investment. International Studies Quarterly 63(1), March
2019 : 58-71.
Although contentious interstate disputes are widely known to depress
FDI, we identify and explain variation in investor responses even to
territorial disputes, known to be slow to resolve and prone to militariza-
tion. Forward-looking and profit-seeking investors have incentives to
increase FDI when the characteristics of a dispute point toward peace.
These incentives drive them to increase investment even prior to an
actual settlement. Given that legal focal points — when international law
identifies one side in the dispute as having a clear legal advantage —
promote peace, countries in disputes with legal focal points should
receive more FDI. To support this argument, we use new data on interna-
tional law and territorial disputes from 1980 to 2010 to explain variation in
FDI across countries, as well as variation in the timing of within-country
FDI accumulation. [R, abr.]
69.6531 CHEBEL D’APPOLLONIA, Ariane — EU migration policy
and border controls: from chaotic to cohesive differentia-
tion. Comparative European Politics 17(2), Apr. 2019 : 192-
208.
The EU’s migration policy is comprised of a series of initiatives, agree-
ments, regulations, and common standards in various fields — involving
different states that participate to different degrees while attempting to
address common issues. The resulting complex multilayered framework
is commonly analyzed from two opposing perspectives about the contin-
ued differentiated integration of the EU and its member states. The first
one focuses on issues raised by the chaotic nature of flexible arrange-
ments or an “à la carte” integration in the field of migration. The second
International relations
672
perspective, in contrast, refers to differentiation in m igration policy as the
inevitable model of differentiated integration in other policy areas —
based on the revival of coalition-building as a tool of governance in a
multispeed Europe. The article provides a critical evaluation of differenti-
ated integration in order to analyze the implications of the still unfolding
migration crisis. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 69.6564]
69.6532 CINI, Michelle — Institutional change in the European
Parliament: balancing legislative ethics and parliamen-
tary independence. Journal of Legislative Studies 25(2),
2019 : 314-330.
Research on legislative ethics has shown how scandals often trigger
ethics reform; yet, the content of the reform often differs from that of the
scandal. Drawing from the legislative ethics literature and from recent
theories of institutional change, the article examines the impact of the
scandal that initiated the reform, the interests and strategies of reform
agents who wanted a quick reform process that would not undermine the
EP's independence; and the institutional order in w hich those actors
were embedded. It argues that an institutional logics perspective offers a
convincing and comprehensive account of EP ethics reform, and sug-
gests a new analytical framework that might be used by researchers in
future research on legislative ethics. [R, abr.]
69.6533 COEN, David ; KATSAITIS, Alexander — Legislative effi-
ciency and political inclusiveness: the effect of proce-
dures on interest group mobilization in the European
Parliament. Journal of Legislative Studies 25(2), 2019 : 278-
294.
This paper contributes to discussions surrounding interest group repre-
sentation in the European Parliament. Drawing from conceptualizations
of legitimacy, and theoretical work on information-access we argue that
different procedures bestow a different type of authority to parliamentary
committees affecting their legitimacy orientation, in turn impacting the
balance between private and public interests mobilized. We assess a
population of 10,000 accredited lobbyists, and the procedural output
across the 7th legislature’s committees (2009-2014). Our analysis indi-
cates that committees with a higher ratio of Ordinary Legislative Proce-
dures to Own Initiative Reports see greater private interest mobilization.
Conversely, in committees where the procedures’ ratios are inverse we
observe greater public interest mobilization. Theoretically, we provide a
novel approach for framing the committee’s nature from a procedural
perspective, bridging discussions on interest group mobilization and the
democratic deficit. [R, abr.]
69.6534 CRACK, Angela M. — Language, NGOs and inclusion: the
donor perspective. Development in Practice 29(2), Apr.
2019 : 159-169.
Listening to communities is valued by UK’s Department of International
Development (DFID) for contributing to “beneficiary” empowerment and
programme efficiency. This article is based on interviews with elite DFID
officials to explore their understandings on how they expect NGOs to
engage with local languages and the role of language intermediaries. It
uncovers their perceptions of the ways that languages and cultural
knowledge shape NGO relationships with communities. It finds that the
officials assume that listening is unproblematic for NGOs, and ask few
questions about translation and interpretation. The article concludes by
reflecting on policy implications and directions for further research. [R]
69.6535 DUKE, Simon W. — The competing logics of EU security
and defence. Survival 61(2), Apr.-May 2019 : 123-142.
Security and defense have emerged as top priorities for the EU. As a
result of a series of security challenges to the EU and its members,
notably the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea, the emergence of the
Islamic State (ISIS) to the south and a migration crisis the following year,
the EU Global Strategy proclaimed a new “level of ambition” for the
Union, framed by the quest for “strategic autonomy”. The European
Commission reinforced the emphasis on capabilities, noting that “moving
towards Europe’s strategic autonomy requires spending more on our
defenses, as well as spending better and spending together”. The ra-
tionale for these recent initiatives in European security and defense is
built around four core assumptions, all of which are contestable. [R, abr.]
69.6536 FABBRINI, Sergio — Alternative governance models:
“hard core” in a differentiated Europe. Comparative Euro-
pean Politics 17(2), Apr. 2019 : 278-293.
The discussion on the future of Europe has been mainly focused on
policy regimes and not (also) on governance models for managing them.
An economistic bias has largely affected the proposals on the future of
Europe advanced by EU and national leaders. The article brings the
governance question back to the debate. Using a deductive approach, it
identifies four governance models, and their connected policy implica-
tions, epitomizing different interpretations of the EU and its future. Two
models are derived from the interpretation of the EU as regional organi-
zation and the other two from the interpretation of the EU as a federation
in the making. Through the four governance models, the article structures
the discussion on the future organization of Europe on more solid, logi-
cally and empirically, bases. [R] [See Abstr. 69.6564]
69.6537 GÄNZLE, Stefan ; MIRTL, Jörg — Experimentalist govern-
ance beyond European Territorial Cooperation and cohe-
sion policy: macro-regional strategies of the European
Union (EU) as emerging “regional institutions”? Journal of
European Integration 41(2), March 2019 : 239-256.
governance: Macro-regional strategies (MRS), such as the one for Baltic
Sea Region, seek to mobilize a variety of actors and have resulted in a
complex and dynamic governance architecture which can be conceived
as a new “regional institution” disposing of some form of authority and
autonomy. W e show that EU MRS are best conceived as test-bed for
intergovernmentalizing cohesion policy — as well as its European Terri-
torial Cooperation (ETC) objective — in a functional region, locking in
previously established formats of regional cooperation and thereby going
beyond cohesion policy and ETC. Thus, this paper identifies EU MRS as
instances of experimentalist governance albeit still falling short on moni-
toring and evaluation of implementation. [R, abr.]
69.6538 GARCIA-DURAN, Patricia ; CASANOVA, Miriam ; ELI-
ASSON, Leif Johan — International institutions and do-
mestic policy: assessing the influence of multilateral
pressure on the European Union’s agricultural policy.
Journal of European Integration 41(2), March 2019 : 131-146.
There is a debate in IR on how, when, and why international institutions
influence domestic policy. This article looks at the influence of the WTO
on the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). It shows that the transfer
of authority to international institutions may transform an external factor
into a permanent influence on domestic policy. The transfer of authority
in agriculture to the GATT (now included in the WTO) in 1994 led to the
introduction of a dormant clause on export subsidies in all subsequent
EU CAP regulations. This clause provided the legal foundation for the
2015 EU decision to remove export subsidies. Multilateral pressure (i.e.,
the demands of third countries in GATT/WTO negotiations) is not the
only determinant of CAP, but it is important, and affected by the
GATT/WTO having authority on agriculture. [R]
69.6539 HANEGRAAFF, Marcel ; BERKHOUT , Joost — More busi-
ness as usual? Explaining business bias across issues
and institutions in the European Union. Journal of Europe-
an Public Policy 26(6), 2019 : 843-862.
Business interest groups numerically dominate the EU interest group
communities. However, scholars note that the relative proportion of
business interests varies by either the institutional venue or the policy
issue. Exchange-theoretical approaches emphasize the distinct informa-
tional needs of policy-makers at different venues, hereby favoring busi-
ness actors to a varying degree. Other scholars emphasize the im-
portance of conflict and argue that containment or expansion of conflict
on concrete policy issues shapes the relative presence of business
interest representatives. We simultaneously test both hypotheses com-
paring interest group activities on seventy issues observed in the Euro-
pean Parliament, the European Commission and in the EU media. We
find little differences between the EU venues in terms of the interests
represented. [R, abr.]
69.6540 HARTLAPP, Miriam — Integrating across policy sectors:
how the wider public impacts on the drafting process of
EU trans-border healthcare. International Review of Admin-
istrative Sciences 84(3), Sept. 2018 : 486-502.
Policy-making in the EU has been depicted as being starkly fragmented:
initiatives are drafted in separate Directorates-General of the EU Com-
mission, discussed in specific policy communities and decided upon in
sectoral European Parliament Committees and Council formations. At the
same time, we see growing numbers of complex policy problems that
require cross-sectorally integrated solutions. This article argues that
there are good grounds to expect policy-making in the EU Commission to
favor fragmented solutions, while diffuse public interests will tend to push
for integrated policies. However, it is only under specific constellations
that the EU Commission will respond to these interests. The argument
will be demonstrated using case study material on three policy instru-
ments that address trans-border healthcare policy. [R, abr.]
69.6541 HARTLAPP, Miriam — Intégration à travers tous les
secteurs politiques de l’UE: quelle est l’incidence du
grand public sur le processus d’élaboration des soins de
santé transfrontaliers? (Integrating across policy sec-
tors: how the wider public impacts on the drafting pro-
cess of EU trans-border healthcare). Revue internationale
des Sciences administratives 84(3), Sept. 2018 : 501-519.
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