V International Relations / Relations Internationales
| Published date | 01 December 2019 |
| Date | 01 December 2019 |
| DOI | http://doi.org/10.1177/0020834519892869 |
| Subject Matter | Abstracts |
781
V
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES
(a) International law, organization and administration/Droit international, organisation et administration in ternationales
69.7571 AVANT, Deborah, eds., et al. — Norms under challenge.
Journal of Global Security Studies 4(1), Jan. 2019 : 2-146.
Introduction by the editors. Articles by Nicole DEITELHOFF, Lisbeth
ZIMMERMANN, “Norms under challenge: unpacking the dynamics of
norm robustness”, pp. 2-17; Beth A. SIMMONS, JO Hyeran, “Measuring
norms and normative contestation: the case international criminal law”,
pp. 18-36; Richard PRICE, “Syria and the chemical weapons taboo”, pp.
37-52; Jennifer M. WELSH, “Norm robustness and the Responsibility to
Protect”, pp. 53-72; Jutta BRUNNÉE, Stephen J. TOOPE, “Norm robust-
ness and contestation in international law: self-defense against nonstate
actors”, pp. 73-87; Adam BOWER, “Contesting the International Criminal
Court: Bashir, Kenyatta, and the status of nonimpunity norm in world
politics”, pp. 88-104; Averell SCHMIDT, Kathryn SIKKINK, “Breaking the
ban? The heterogeneous impact of US contestation of the torture norm”,
pp. 105-122; Sarah PERCY, “What makes a norm robust: the norm
against female combat”, pp. 123-138; Wayne SANDHOLTZ, “Norm
contestation, robustness, and replacement”, pp. 139-146.
69.7572 BEERKENS, Maarja — The European Research Council
and the academic profession: insights from studying
starting grant holders. European Political Science 18(2),
2019 : 267-274.
The ERC grant system has had a significant impact on the academic
profession in Europe, by enforcing norms about what constitutes a
promising research career, increasing the autonomy of individual top
scholars and facilitating competition between universities. Winning an
ERC starting grant has a considerable effect on individual career pro-
spects. A grant significantly increases the likelihood of promotion, and
the effect seems to be robust to a potential “selection bias” or individual
research performance. While the grant increases the negotiation position
of the grant winner, moving to another university is rare. Increased
visibility and prestige within the university seem to contribute to career
progress. [R] [See Abstr. 69.7581]
69.7573 BERGMAN, U. Michael ; HUTCHISON, Michael M. ; JEN-
SEN, Svend E. Hougaard — European policy and markets:
did policy initiatives stem the sovereign debt crisis in the
euro area? European Journal of Political Economy 57, March
2019 : 3-21.
We investigate how European policy initiatives influenced market as-
sessments of sovereign default risk and banking sector fragility during
the sovereign debt crisis in four adversely affected countries — Portugal,
Ireland, Spain and Italy. We focus on three broad groups of policies: (a)
ECB policy actions (monetary and financial support), (b) EU programs
(financial and fiscal rules as well as financial support in crisis countries),
and (c) domestic austerity programs. We measure immediate market
impact effects: what policies changed risk perceptions, using CDS
spreads on sovereign bonds and banks in this assessment. We employ
dynamic panel and event study methodologies in the empirical work. [R,
abr.]
69.7574 BODE, Ingvild ; KARLSRUD, John — Implementation in
practice: the use of force to protect civilians in United
Nations peacekeeping. European Journal of International
Relations 25(2), June 2019 : 458-485.
A 2014 UN report found that while peacekeeping mandates often include
the use of force to protect civilians, this has routinely been avoided by
member states. What can account for this gap between the apparently
solid normative foundations of the protection of civilians and the wide
variation in implementation? This article highlights normative ambiguity
as a fundamental feature of international norms. Thereby, we consider
implementation as a political, dynamic process, where the diverging
understandings that member states hold with regard to the protection of
civilians norm manifest and emerge. Focusing on the practices of mem-
ber states’ military advisers at the UN headquarters in New York, and
their positions on how the protection of civilians should be implemented
on the ground, we draw attention to their agency in norm-implementation
at an international site. [R, abr.]
69.7575 BURES, Oldrich ; MEYER, Jeremy — The anti-mercenary
norm and United Nations’ use of private military and se-
curity companies. Global Governance 25(1), March 2019 :
77-99.
This article offers an analysis of the influence of the anti-mercenary norm
on the United Nations’ use of services provided by private military and
security companies (PMSCs). It follows a constructivist approach which
focuses on violations of the anti-mercenary norm within the UN system
and on the justifications and condemnations of these violations in offi-
cial UN documents. The findings suggest that while the anti-mercenary
norm is no longer puritanical, two key aspects of the norm — the lack of
a proper cause and the lack of control — remain influential within
the UN system. Although all parts of the UN system nowadays routinely
use a wide variety of services of PMSCs and the UN Secretary-General
officially sanctioned security outsourcing in 2011, the UN continues to
insist that it is only using PMSCs as a last resort, when no other options
are available. [R, abr.]
69.7576 CARPENTER, Ted Galen — The end of the affair. National
Interest 161, May-June 2019 : 53-60.
NATO was an institution to deal with the Cold War; it is obsolete for the
conditions of the 21st c., and it has become a dangerous albatross
around the neck of the American republic. [R]
69.7577 CROSSLEY, Noele — Is R2P still controversial? Continui-
ty and change in the debate on “humanitarian interven-
tion”. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 31(5), Oct.
2019 : 415-436.
Is the responsibility to protect (R2P) still controversial? The question is
important because if R2P was no longer controversial, this would suggest
that the principle is on track to consolidation as an international norm.
The article assesses the impact of 16 years of sustained R2P advocacy
and its influence on arguments within the scholarly community, and
discusses the impact this engagement has had on the outline and sub-
stance of the principle itself. A survey of the development of the academ-
ic debate since 2005 suggests that the “responsibility to protect” has
successfully replaced “humanitarian intervention” in international dis-
course, but that the principle rem ains controversial, especially beyond
the policy community, particularly in the world of academe, in the hu-
manitarian aid sector and religious organizations and with states with a
colonial past. [R]
69.7578 CULLEN, Miriam — Questioning the criminal justice
imperative: UN Security Council procedure and the
downside of Chapter VII decision making for the adjudi-
cation of international crimes. Global Governance 25(2),
June 2019 : 327-350.
The Security Council’s structure as a small but powerful executive,
combined with its primary responsibility for international peace and
security, leads to a presumption against the application of ordinary
standards of procedural fairness. At the same time, explicit provisions of
the UN Charter and its own rules of procedure indicate that some bal-
ance was to be struck. This article questions whether the attainment of
international criminal jurisdiction through Security Council decision-
making really outweighs the need to ensure procedural integrity in every
step of the process. It posits that a lack of procedural fairness in the
Council’s methods of work at least undermines the justice imperative that
the Council so espouses and at most violates an ancillary legal obliga-
tion. [R]
69.7579 DASSLER, Benjamin ; KRUCK, Andreas ; ZANGL, Bernhard
— Interactions between hard and soft power: the institu-
tional adaptation of international intellectual property
protection to global power shifts. European Journal of In-
ternational Relations 25(2), June 2019 : 588-612.
Prevailing power transition theories focus on hard sources of power to
explain why international institutions do, or do not, adap t to shifts in the
balance of power among their members. This article argues that, in the
wake of such a shift in the balance between emerging and established
International relations
782
powers, institutional adaptations depend on both their hard and soft
power resources. Soft power matters for institutional adaptations be-
cause both emerging and established powers have to justify the use of
hard power to their respective audiences. Whether emerging or estab-
lished powers are able to use the hard power they have depends crucial-
ly on rhetorical resources. We provide empirical support for our argument
through an analysis of the adaptation of the Trade-Related Aspects of
International Property Rights agreement and the adaptation of the Con-
vention on Biological Diversity. [R, abr.]
69.7580 DeMERITT, Jacqueline H. R. ; CONRAD, Courtenay R. —
Repression substitution: shifting human rights violations
in response to UN naming and shaming. Civil Wars 21(1),
March 2019 : 128-152.
Does the United Nations naming and shaming of specific violations of
human rights decrease government repression? In this article, we argue
that international shaming of specific human rights violations can weaken
the target government, bringing new challenges and making the govern-
ment cessation of repression less feasible. When international naming
and shaming campaigns target specific repressive tactics, they increase
the costs of some — but not all — means of repression. Using original
data on naming and shaming by the United Nations Human Rights
Council (HRC), we show that the shaming of one physical integrity
violation is jointly associated with decreases in that violation
and increases in other violations of human rights. [R]
69.7581 FOLLESDAL, Andreas — The European Research Council
@ 10: whither hopes and fears? European Political Science
18(2), 2019 : 237-247.
The ERC does seem to have succeeded in promoting excellent and
basic research in Europe, both through its own projects and by affecting
standards and aspirations more broadly. It has affected widely shared
conceptions of scholarly excellence and introduced new measures of
academic esteem, with more attention to rigorous peer review — in the
social sciences and the humanities as well as in the natural sciences.
One concern is that the portability of grants may have fueled the cluster-
ing of research talent and reputation towards some institutions and some
states, away from others. The benefits of the ERC in promoting research
quality across Europe in the longer term may be at risk unless some
parties take steps to correct this imbalance. [R] [First article of a sympo-
sium introduced by the author, “The European Research Council @ 10:
what has it done to us?”, pp. 234-236. See also Abstr. 69.7572, 7584]
69.7582 GARCIA HERRERO, Alicia — Europe in the midst of
China-US strategic economic competition: what are our
options? CESifo Forum 20(1), Spring 2019 : 11-20.
The paper is divided into five sections. The first offers an account of the
actions taken so far in the US-China trade war. The second evaluates
such actions and the third looks at their impact on Europe. The fourth
section looks at the EU’s best strategy regarding the US-China trade
war, and the fifth draws some general conclusions. [R]
69.7583 IAKOVIDIS, Iakovos ; GALARIOTIS, Ioannis ; GIANNIOU,
Maria — The formation of the EU negotiating strategy at
the UN: the case of human rights. Cambridge Review of In-
ternational Affairs 31(5), Oct. 2019 : 437-459.
Existing research on the EU’s activities at the international level typically
pertains to how the EU acts, bargains and performs. However, scholar-
ship less frequently examines how the EU formulates its negotiating
strategy at international negotiation fora. Our analysis presents an
analytical framework to map the different features and parameters that
determine and condition the EU negotiating strategy in multilateral
contexts. We identify four features in two phases that shape the EU
negotiating strategy: (a) goal-setting, (b) field analysis, (c) available
means and (d) employed tactics. Each of these features contains addi-
tional parameters that, overall, define and constrain the EU’s negotiating
strategy. To test the relevance of our analytical framework, we delve into
the determination of the EU human rights negotiating strategy at the UN.
[R]
69.7584 KÖNIG, Thomas — Political science and the European
Research Council. European Political Science 18(2), 2019 :
248-266.
The ERC has been a pivotal innovation in the set of funding instruments
that the European Commission has established for fostering research
and innovation in the EU. With more than 8000 projects funded so far, it
is worth asking about empirical evidence regarding the ERC’s specific
impact on the social sciences. This article provides some basic data,
along with descriptive statistics, on the social scientists who have been
sitting on ERC evaluation panels, and on ERC -funded research projects
from the social sciences. The article ends with a discussion of the data
and poses questions for further investigations. [R] [See Abstr. 69.7581]
69.7585 KUCERA, Tomas — What European army? Alliance,
security community or postnational federation. Interna-
tional Politics 56(3), 2019 : 321-338.
Jean-Claude Juncker’s proposal to create a “European army” stood at
the beginning of a process of revitalizing the CSDP. Although it is too
early to establish empirically based understanding of this development,
theoretical thinking should be able to offer an interpretation of what the
possible and desirable objectives of this development are. The concepts
of alliance and security community provide such an interpretation. How-
ever, this article argues that their views on the state and defense integra-
tion did not adequately reflect the current project of the European De-
fense Union (EDU). Instead, Habermas’s conception of post-national
federation is proposed as a better framework for understanding and
critical assessment of the European military and defense integration in
general, and the EDU in particular. [R] [See Abstr. 69.7700]
69.7586 LAURENCE, Marion — An “impartial” force? Normative
ambiguity and practice change in UN Peace Operations.
International Peacekeeping 26(3), June 2019 : 256-280.
Impartiality is a core legitimating norm for UN peace operations. Yet
beliefs about what that norm requires of UN personnel have shifted
dramatically. In 2013, for example, the Security Council created an
intervention brigade to “neutralize” non-state armed groups in the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). According to critics, these activities
violate core peacekeeping norms, including impartiality. Many UN offi-
cials downplay the novelty of new practices, insisting that they are still
“impartial”. Where does this discursive pattern come from, and what does
it tell us about the relationship between day-to-day practices and the
norms that ostensibly guide UN peace operations? Drawing on evidence
from the DRC, I argue that norms like impartiality may endure — and
remain rhetorically powerful — without telling us much about how prac-
tices on the ground have evolved. [R, abr .] [First article of special issue
on “Norms and practices in UN peacekeeping: evolution and contesta-
tion”, introduced, pp. 253-254, by John KARLSRUD and Kseniya
OKSAMYTNA. See also Abstr. 69.7587, 7591, 7808, 7855]
69.7587 MAERTENS, Lucile — From blue to green? Environmen-
talization and securitization in UN peacekeeping practic-
es. International Peacekeeping 26(3), June 2019 : 302-326.
The cholera outbreak brought to Haiti in 2010 as a consequence of
wastewater mismanagement in one of the UN Stabilization Mission’s
camps drew attention to the concrete materia l footprint of UN peace
operations. Since the 2000s, UN peacekeeping missions have been
increasingly confronted with environmental challenges. Multiple transfor-
mations in terms of norms and practices resulted from these environmen-
tal concerns. Drawing on data generated through interviews and partici-
pant observation, this article explores how environmental concerns are
integrated in UN peacekeeping operations and develops a two-fold
argument. First, I argue that the inclusion of environmental concerns in
UN peacekeeping relies on the environmentalization of peacekeeping
practices. It consists of heterogeneous elements — standards, expertise,
training, mainstreaming, equipment management — which focus on the
ecological footprint of UN peacekeeping. Second, I show that environ-
mentalizing peacekeeping contributes to the securitization of the envi-
ronment. [R] [See Abstr. 69.7586]
69.7588 MARICUT-AKBIK, Adina — EU politicization beyond the
Euro crisis: immigration crises and the politicization of
free movement of people. Comparative European Politics
17(3), June 2019 : 380-396.
This article explores the applicability of democratic functionalism as a
theoretical framework explaining mechanisms of EU politicization during
immigration crises. Since most existing studies on the politicization of EU
crisis situations focus on the Euro-crisis, it is unclear if and how the
politicization of EU immigration crises differs. Drawing on a 2011 crisis
with legislative implications for the free movement of people in the
Schengen Area, the article illustrates that immigration crises are politi-
cized along exclusionary identities rather than along pro-/anti-European
lines — as expected by democratic functionalism. Moreover, the 2011
case illustrates how the media can be instrumentalized by governments
during immigration crises, with little political mobilization from the public.
This case is relevant given the widespread politicization of the 2015
refugee crisis, which conversely attracted close media attention and
caused serious public concern. [R, abr.]
69.7589 MELLACE, Leonardo — La crisis del constitucionalismo
europeo (The crisis of European constitutionalism).
Derechos y Libertades 40, Jan. 2019 : 261-277.
The recent financial crisis, which has inevitably affected the field of law,
forced scholars to think about the concept of constitutionalism and its
possible connection with the EU. The Old Continent adopted emergency
legislation that goes beyond the dictates of the Treaties, especially in the
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