V International Relations / Relations Internationales
| Date | 01 June 2021 |
| Published date | 01 June 2021 |
| DOI | 10.1177/00208345211023822 |
435
V
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES
(a) International law, organization and administration/Droit international, organisation et administration in ternationales
71.4273 ALDRICH, Andrea S. ; DANIEL, William T. — The conse-
quences of quotas: assessing the effect of varied gender
quotas on legislator experience in the European Parlia-
ment. Politics and Gender 16(3), Sept. 2020 : 738-767.
This article explores the consequences of quotas on the level of diversity
observed in legislators’ professional and political experience. We exam-
ine how party system and electoral system features that are meant to
favor female representation, such as gender quotas for candidate selec-
tion or placement mandates on electoral lists, affect the composition of
legislatures by altering the mix of professional and political qualifications
held by its members. Using data collected for all legislators initially
seated to the current session of the European Parliament, one of the
largest and most diverse democratically elected legislatures in the world,
we find that quotas eliminate gendered differences in experience within
the institution, particularly when used in conjunction with placement
mandates that ensure female candidates are featured on electoral lists in
viable positions. [R, abr.]
71.4274 BADACHE, Fanny — A representative bureaucracy per-
spective on workforce com position in international or-
ganizations: the case of the United Nations Secretariat.
Public Administration 98(2), June 2020 : 392-407.
This article provides a representative bureaucracy perspective on staff
composition in international organizations (IOs). Contrary to previous
studies in international relations, I argue that staff composition is not only
driven by power but international organizations are also concerned with
bureaucratic representation. Therefore, I examine one potential barrier
and one driver to passive representation, namely the available local
labour pool and political representation. The empirical analysis is based
on an original database of human resources statistics in the United
Nations Secretariat which allows for a differentiation between staff
categories. The resulting regression analyses suggest that headquarters
locations, political representation and diplomacy are the main determi-
nants of member states’ representation, but these determinants vary in
strength depending on the staff categories. [R, abr.]
71.4275 BARNARD, Catherine ; LEINARTE, Emilija — From consti-
tutional adjudication to trade arbitration enforcing mobili-
ty rights post-Brexit. European Foreign Affairs Review
25(4), Dec. 2020 : 589-612.
This article addresses the termination of the CJEU’s jurisdiction post-
Brexit and its replacement with a much more restricted dispute-resolution
provision, more reminiscent of that found in free trade agreements. It
begins by addressing the root causes for Britain’s antagonism towards
the Court. It argues that the Court’s expansive interpretation of the
Treaties, masked by a legalist approach to European integration, has
allowed the Court largely to avoid scrutiny by most Member States.
Nevertheless, the Court’s judicial activism was ultimately rejected by the
UK leading to the Court’s curia non grata status post-Brexit. It then
analyses the key features of the post-Brexit dispute settlement system
proposed by the UK and the EU. We argue that while the Court has been
criticized for its judicial activism, EU law did provide significant avenues
for an individual’s access to courts. [R, abr.]
71.4276 BLAIR, Robert A. — UN peacekeeping and the rule of law.
American Political Science Review 115(1), Feb. 2021 : 51-68.
The UN is intimately involved in efforts to restore the rule of law in con-
flict and postconflict settings. Yet despite the importance of the rule of
law for peace, good governance, and economic growth, evidence on the
impact of these efforts is scant. I develop a theory to explain when UN
rule-of-law reform is likely to succeed, then test the theory using original
datasets capturing the number of civilian personnel deployed to each UN
mission in Africa, the number of personnel assigned specifically to rule-
of-law-related tasks, and the extent and nature of actual rule -of-law-
related activities in the field. The correlation between UN presence and
the rule of law is weak while conflict is ongoing , but robustly positive
during periods of peace. [R, abr.]
71.4277 BOCSE, Alexandra-Maria — NATO, energy security and
institutional change. European Security 29(4), Dec. 2020 :
436-455.
In recent years, NATO expressed increasing interest in addressing the
broader range of security challenges confronting its Allies. Energy securi-
ty was included in 2010 in the NATO Strategic Concept and in the follow-
ing years NATO developed its mandate in energy security. This research
resorts to process-tracing to capture the interaction between factors that
led to NATO developing a mandate in energy security. NATO Member
States, particularly Central and Eastern European countries, played an
important role in NATO working on energy security. The NATO bureau-
cracy also supported the organisation in developing a mandate in this
field. The study finds rational choice institutionalism particularly useful in
explaining the expansion of the NATO mandate in energy security and
contributes in this way to the ongoing debate on which theoretical ap-
proach best explains the contemporary evolution of NATO. [R, abr.]
71.4278 BORLINI, Leonardo — When the Leviathan goes to the
market: a critical evaluation of the rules governing state-
owned enterprises in trade agreements. Leiden Journal of
International Law 33(2), June 2020 : 313-334.
State-owned enterprises (SOEs) have long constituted, and are likely to
remain, an important instrument in any government’s toolbox for a variety
of economic and societal goals. However, the significant extent of state
ownership among the world’s top companies, and the quantitative and
qualitative transformation and hybrid nature of SOEs, raises the issue of
their impact on international trade flows and the competitive process.
This article addresses the question of how international trade agree-
ments regulate SOEs, with a view to furthering the international contest-
ability of markets, while, at the same time, allowing governments to
provide support to SOEs as a means of dealing with market failures and
the pursuit of public goals. After a brief introduction to contemporary state
capitalism, the argument is developed in three main parts. [R, abr.]
71.4279 BRADLEY, Miriam — From armed conflict to urban vio-
lence: transformations in the International Committee of
the Red Cross, international humanitarianism, and the
laws of war. European Journal of International Relations
26(4), Dec. 2020 : 1061-1083.
This article examines the institutional consequences of expanding the
International Committee of the Red Cross [ICRC] mandate to include
urban violence, to make a three-fold argument. First, the incorporation of
urban violence into its mandate has led to significant and surprising shifts
in the organization’s humanitarian boundaries: the ICRC has begun
engaging in violence-prevention and violence-reduction activities, com-
promising its neutrality and limiting dialogue with some armed groups.
Second, these shifts in its boundaries have the potential to transform
definitions of humanitarianism. Third, these shifts may serve to under-
mine the moral authority of the ICRC to persuade combatants in interna-
tional humanitarian law contexts to comply with international humanitari-
an law, irrespective of the rightness or wrongness of their or their oppo -
nents’ goals. [R, abr.]
71.4280 BRANDSMA, Gijs Jan, et al. — Inside the black box of
trilogues. Journal of European Public Policy 28(1), 2021 : 1-
9.
This special issue brings together seven original contributions on actors
involved in trilogue negotiations whose role has largely been neglected:
the Commission, the Council, the Court, the Ombudsman, national
parliaments, organised interests and Eurosceptic groups. This introduc-
tion outlines the setup and work processes of trilogues, and highlights the
key findings of the issue’s contributions, namely how actors at the edge
of the negotiations can shape power relations in trilogues and how micro-
behaviour shapes macro-processes of inter-institutional bargaining. It
also discusses the ongoing tension between transparency and efficiency,
notably when it comes to institutional oversight mechanisms and the
legitimacy of trilogues. [R] [Introduction to a thematic issue on "Inside the
‘black b ox’ of EU legislative trilogues". See also Abstr. 71.4281, 4293,
4304, 4311, 4322, 4328, 4329]
International relations
436
71.4281 BRANDSMA, Gijs Jan, et al. — Trilogues in Council:
disrupting the diplomatic culture? Journal of European
Public Policy 28(1), 2021 : 10-31.
This article explores the institutionalization of trilogues in the Council.
What kind of practices have emerged in the Council to underpin this
body’s participation in trilogues, and how do these shape the decision-
making culture in the Council? We conceptualize the institutionalization
of trilogues in the Council using delegation theory, and particularly
through the lens of two ideal-types of delegation focusing on sanctions
and selection, respectively. We explore these ideal-types by drawing on
extensive elite interviews. Following the distinction between mandating,
monitoring, and sanctioning common to delegation relationships, we find
the greatest changes in the mandating and monitoring of the Presidency,
and few changes in the sanctioning processes. This shows that the
sanctions model is on the rise. We find that trilogues have changed the
Council as a legislative institution. [R] [See Abstr. 71.4280]
71.4282 BÚZÁS, Zoltán I. ; GRAHAM, Erin R. — Emergent flexibility
in institutional development: how international rules real-
ly change. International Studies Quarterly 64(4), Dec. 2020 :
821-833.
How do formal international institutions change and adjust to new cir-
cumstances? The conventional wisdom in IR, outlined by rational design,
is that the answer lies in designed flexibility, which allows states to adjust
agreements. Drawing on rich but disparate literatures across subfields of
political science — especially constructivism and historical institutional-
ism — we propose an alternative, which we call “emergent flexibility.”
Emergent flexibility is a property of international institutions that is not
intentionally crafted by rule-makers when a rule is formally established,
but is subsequently discovered, activated, and accessed by creative rule-
users in ways unintended by designers. Rich case studies trace how
rule-users have accessed emergent flexibility through the legal interpre-
tive strategy of subsequent practice to change rigid rules of the UN
Charter and the European Convention on Human Rights. [R, abr.]
71.4283 CARNEGIE, Allison ; MIKULASCHEK, Christoph — The
promise of peacekeeping: protecting civilians in civil
wars. International Organization 74(4), Fall 2020 : 810-832.
Do peacekeepers protect civilians in civil conflict? Securing civilian safety
is a key objective of contemporary peacekeeping missions, yet whether
these efforts actually make a difference on the ground is widely debated
in large part because of intractable endogeneity concerns and selection
bias. To overcome these issues, we use an instrumental variables
design, leveraging exogenous variation in the rotation of African mem-
bers of the UN Security Council and looking at its effects on African civil
wars. We show that states that wield more power send more peace-
keepers to their preferred locations, and that these peacekeepers in turn
help to protect civilians. We thus demonstrate the robustness of many
existing results to a plausible identification strategy and present a meth-
od that can also be applied to other diverse settings in international
relations. [R]
71.4284 CHRISTENSEN, Johan — Representative bureaucracy,
international organizations and public service bargains.
Public Administration 98(2), June 2020 : 408-423.
Academic interest in the administrative aspects of international organiza-
tions is on the rise. Yet, an issue that has received little attention is
bureaucratic representation — the extent to which international bureau-
cracies are representative of the polity that they serve. The article theo-
rizes the rationales for and forms of representative bureaucracy in
international organizations by combining insights from the representative
bureaucracy literature with the ‘public service bargains’ framework. It
argues that bureaucratic representation is highly relevant in international
organizations, given the diverse polity these organizations serve and
their precarious legitimacy. It distinguishes three types of representation-
al ‘bargains’ between international organizations and those they serve,
centred on power, equal opportunities and diversity, and discusses under
which conditions each type of bargain is likely to be struck. [R, abr.]
71.4285 CLARK, Richard ; DOLAN, Lindsay R. — Pleasing the
principal: US influence in World Bank policymaking.
American Journal of Political Science 65(1), Jan. 2021 : 36-
51.
How do policies in international organizations reflect the preferences of
powerful institutional stakeholders? Using an underutilized data set on
the conditions associated with World Bank loans, we find that borrower
countries that vote with the US at the UN are required to enact fewer
domestic policy reforms, and on fewer and softer issue areas. Though
US preferences permeate World Bank decision-making, we do not find
evidence that borrower countries trade favors in exchange for active US
intervention on their behalf. Instead, we propose that US influence
operates indirectly when World Bank staff — consciously or uncon-
sciously — design programs that are compatible with US preferences.
Our study provides novel evidence of World Bank conditionality and
shows that politicized policies can result even from autono-
mous bureaucracies. [R]
71.4286 COLEMAN, Katharina P. — Downsizing in UN peacekeep-
ing: the impact on civilian peacekeepers and the mis-
sions employing them. International Peacekeeping 27(5),
Nov. 2020 : 703-731.
After a decade of remarkable growth in the early 2000s, UN peacekeep-
ing has entered a period of sharp contraction. This trend has been
especially severe for civilian peacekeepers, who play vital though often
neglected roles in UN operations: the number of civilian peacekeeper
positions has shrunk by 37% since 2010. This article draws on 164
research interviews and the vast Business literature on downsizing to
explore the effects of this contraction of the UN’s remaining civilian
peacekeepers and the missions that employ them. To conceptualize this
impact, the article outlines the contributions a range of civilians — inter-
national and national staff, UN Volunteers and contractors — make to UN
peacekeeping. [R, abr.]
71.4287 COMAN, Ramona — The rotating presidency of the EU
Council as a two-level game, or how the “Brussels mod-
el” neutralises domestic political factors: the case of
Romania. East European Politics 36(4), 2020 : 586-602.
This article examines the Romanian rotating presidency of the Council of
the European Union during the first half of 2019 as a two-level game. It
shows how, despite heightened political tensions at the domestic and
European level, the Romanian rotating presidency managed to fulfil its
main functions. It is argued that the preparation and the conduct of the
rotating presidency is not only a two-level game, but also one in which
diplomats and civil servants play a central role. Their centrality in the
process neutralises domestic political factors such as Eurosceptic gov-
ernmental attitudes, the lack of political vision or credibility. [R] [See
Abstr. 71.4428]
71.4288 CSEHI, Robert I. ; KANIOK, Petr — Does politicization
matter? Small states in East-Central Europe and the
Brexit negotiations. East European Politics and Societies
and Cultures 35(1), Feb. 2020 : 136-155.
The integration process is increasingly politicized across the member
states of the EU. This article looks at how increased levels of politiciza-
tion of the EU might have impacted on the role small states play in the
EU decision-making process. Using the case of Brexit negotiations, the
article starts from the hypothesis that higher levels of politicization could
increase the influencing capacity of smaller states. As national sovereign-
ty concerns may become more relevant due to politicization, it can be
expected that small states become more active in EU-level negotiations,
especially in cases where the future of the integration is also at stake.
However, looking at the cases of Czechia, Hungary, Slovakia, and
Slovenia, the article concludes that the behavior of these countries is still
determined by their small-state character. [R, abr.]
71.4289 EGE, Jörn — What international bureaucrats (really) want:
administrative preferences in international organization
research. Global Governance 26(4), Nov. 2020 : 577-600.
The secretariats of international organizations (international public ad-
ministrations [IPAs]) constitute the institutional grid of global governance.
While recent research has provided valuable insights into the independ-
ent capacities of international organizations (IOs) and the influence
of IPAs, we lack systematic knowledge of how scholars conceptualize the
preferences of IO staff. This is lamentable because understanding the
(unifying) motivations of “international civil servants” helps us to make
sense of their behavior and influence during the adoption and application
of IO policies. To review how IPA studies conceptualize the preferences
of international bureaucrats, this article suggests a fourfold typology of
ideal-typical bureaucratic behavior. It distinguishes between the underly-
ing behavioral logic and dominant bureaucratic goal orientation. Applying
the typology to thirty-nine journal articles allows us to map IPA prefer-
ences and behavior. [R, abr.]
71.4290 ENGL, Alice ; EVRARD, Estelle — Agenda-setting dynam-
ics in the post-2020 cohesion policy reform: the pathway
towards the European Cross-Border Mechanism as pos-
sible policy change. Journal of European Integration 42(7),
Nov. 2020 : 917-935.
For the 2021-2027 Cohesion Pack, the European Commission proposed
the European Cross-Border Mechanism (ECBM), a regulation that would
allow one member state to apply the law of a neighbouring member state
to facilitate c ross-border projects. This mechanism represents a para-
digm shift, empowering border areas to manage their own integration
(functional-horizontal) and institutionalise a policy pathway for resolving
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