V International Relations / Relations Internationales
| DOI | 10.1177/00208345221094116 |
| Published date | 01 April 2022 |
| Date | 01 April 2022 |
252
V
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES
(a) International law, organization and administration/Droit international, organisation et administration in ternationales
72.2377 AKRAM, Sarah — Case of US unilateralism at the UN. Stra-
tegic Studies 41(1), Spring 2021 : 41-52.
The UN being one of the global bodies has been instrumental in promoting
multilateralism and norm-setting in the international arena. However, the
recent rise in unilateral tendencies has undermined the UN’s role quite
significantly. All the reasons that underpinned the flourishing of multilateral
institutions after the World War II remain valid today. However, big powers
continue to undermine multilateralism at all global forums. This paper ex-
plores the present rise of the US in moving towards unilateralism and how
it has shunned it at the UN as well. [R, abr.]
72.2378 BELLAMY, Richard ; KRÖGER, Sandra — Countering dem-
ocratic backsliding by EU member states: constitutional
pluralism and "value" differentiated integration. Swiss Po-
litical Science Review 27(3), Sept. 2021 : 619-636.
Constitutional pluralism (CP) and differentiated integration (DI) have been
criticized as potentially legitimizing democratic backsliding within the EU.
Critics contend that effective measures require strengthening the legal au-
thority of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the political au-
thority of the European Commission. We dispute this criticism, which rests
on a federal conception of the EU at odds with its confederal features. We
argue that the value of democracy for the EU derives from pluralism be-
tween as well as within states, thereby justifying CP and DI. While both
prove incompatible with democratic backsliding, they challenge the legiti-
macy of the strong assertions of federal authority some advocate to tackle
it. Drawing on CP, we propose four criteria for EU action against backslid-
ing regimes, and suggest processes and penalties that meet them. [R,
abr.] [See Abstr. 72.1658]
72.2379 BERTOLINI, Elena ; DAWSON, Mark — Fundamental rights
as constraints to and triggers for differentiated integra-
tion. Swiss Political Science Review 27(3), Sept. 2021 : 637-
653.
When looking for possible constraints on Differentiated Integration, the
fundamental values of the EU seem an obvious starting point. Both the
Charter of Fundamental Rights and the values articulated in Art. 2 TEU
are cross-cutting across EU states. However, while fundamental values
have acted as centralizing devices in other federal settings, in an EU con-
text marked by extensive value disagreement, they may also act as path-
ways for differentiation. Insofar as national constitutional orders disagree
on the scope of EU rights, attempts to ground EU law in fundamental val-
ues trigger inevitable interpretive conflicts across states. This paper uses
the examples of asylum and the European Arrest Warrant to demonstrate
this argument. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.1658]
72.2380 BROCKHILL, Aneta — The wall of violence: understanding
the structural violence of the West Bank wall and the pol-
itics of terminology. Mediterranean Politics 26(4), 2021 :
451-475.
The West Bank wall is a contemporary m anifestation of the protracted vi-
olence in the Israel-Palestine conflict. Yet, the Israeli state-promoted dis-
course has detached the wall’s construction from the conceptualization of
violence. It has achieved this by relying on the employment of the tradi-
tional conceptualization of the violence, governed by the regimes of in-
stantaneity, visibility and physicality. Embracing Johan Galtung’s concept
of structural violence, the paper problematizes the restricted understand-
ing of the notion. It draws attention to the politics of conceptualizing vio-
lence and explores various nexuses between the modalities of violence
and the production and governance of conflict ‘realities’, as well as the
regimes of legitimacy, accountability and responsibility. The paper argues
that the discursive inequalities in the representation of violence in the con-
flict are not independent from the material power of the Israeli occupation
regime. [R, abr.]
72.2381 BROOKS, Eleanor ; BÜRGIN, Alexander — Political steering
in the European Commission: a comparison of the energy
and health sectors. Journal of European Integration 43(6),
2021 : 755-771.
The European legal order gives an important role to national judges. They
are expected to observe EU law rules and apply them to the domestic legal
disputes where appropriate. For a long time, the academic literature on the
application of European law in the courts of the member states had a nor-
mative and doctrinal focus. It described what European law and the Court
of Justice of the EU expects from national judges. Data from different stud-
ies, however, shows some variation in how judges see this role. Based on
these findings, this article introduces four types of rule application, which
are constructed along the lines of more or less use of EU law. [R, abr.]
72.2382 CACHO SÁNCHEZ, Yaelle — El procedimiento de senten-
cia piloto a examen: ¿sus efectos sobre el sistema eu-
ropeao de protección de derechos humanos son transfor-
madores, beneficiosos o perversos? (The pilot-judgments
procedure under scrutiny: are its effects on the European
system of human rights protection transformative, benefi-
cial or perverse?). Revista de Derecho comunitario europeo
65, Jan.-Apr. 2020 : 121-163.
The paper focused on the pilot judgment procedure aims to evaluate the
impact of this instrument on the European Convention on Human Rights
system. This has required to identify the main characteristic of this proce-
dure in its current form, taking into account that it has been created and
developed by jurisprudence in the context of the ECHR reform process.
This provided us an opportunity to observe that there is not a perfect cor-
relation between the "systemic problem" in the pilot judgment procedure
and the notion of "systemic deficiencies" used by the EU Court of Justice.
Secondly, the effects of the pilot judgment procedure in the relations be-
tween the ECHR with the applicants, with the respondent state and with
the Committee of Ministers have been analyzed. [R, abr.]
72.2383 CARROZZINI, Alina ; LONARDO, Luigi — Non-contractual li-
ability for EU sanctions: towards the normalization of
CFSP. European Foreign Affairs Review 26(3), 2021 : 459-
476.
In Case C-134/19 P Bank Refah Kargaran, the Court of Justice of the Eu-
ropean Union (CJEU) made an important pronouncement over its jurisdic-
tion on Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), as it held that it can
hear an action for damages allegedly suffered by a natural or legal person
because of restrictive measures adopted under CFSP. This article reflects
on this important development in the case law of the CJEU, by putting it in
the context of what scholarship on the topic has referred to as the ‘normal-
ization’ of CFSP. In addition, the article comments upon the potential sig-
nificance of the decision in Bank Refah for the EU’s external posture. The
decision, this article argues, recognizes the opportunity to seek damages
stemming from CFSP acts – including decisions adopted under the Com-
mon Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), that is decisions establishing
military operations of civilian missions, and, in those contexts, acts or con-
duct attributable to EU bodies. [R]
72.2384 CASULA, Mattia — Centralizing cohesion policy in times of
austerity: evidence from the policy cycle. Policy Studies
42(4), 2021 : 397-414.
This article analyzes how the attribution of responsibilities between the Eu-
ropean Commission (EC), and the Member States has changed in the dif-
ferent phases of the policy cycle since the 1988 reform to the present day.
The 2008 Global Financial Crisis was a critical juncture because it opened
the way for the pursuit of new paths: it favored the consolidation of a new
governance system that pivots on the EC’s active role, by identifying Co-
hesion Policy as the main instrument to pursue the Europe 2020 objec-
tives. Accordingly, this article provides interp retative keys with which to
explain the changes that have occurred in intergovernmental relations
since the 1988 reform, as well as analytical tools with which to understand
the ongoing debate on the future of EU policy-making. [R, abr.]
72.2385 DAWSON, Mark ; MARICUT-AKBIK, Adina — Procedural vs
substantive accountability in EMU governance: between
payoffs and trade-offs. Journal of European Public Policy
28(11), 2021 : 1707-1726.
Relations internationales
253
This article introduces a new normative framework for analysing account-
ability in the European Union’s Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The
framework is anchored in four normative ‘goods’ that accountability is sup-
posed to ensure: openness, non-arbitrariness, effectiveness, and public-
ness. All of these can be achieved in a procedural or substantive way,
depending on whether actors are held accountable for the quality of their
decision-making processes or for the actual merit of their decisions. Trans-
posed to EMU, this conceptualisation shows both the payoffs and trade-
offs of prioritising procedural accountability. Using different examples
across EMU governance, the article illustrates how current mechanisms
of political, legal, and administrative accountability predominantly evaluate
the procedures followed by EU institutions when performing their tasks.
[R, abr.]
72.2386 DELLMUTH, Lisa Maria ; GUSTAFSSON, Maria-Therese —
Global adaptation governance: how intergovernmental or-
ganizations mainstream climate change adaptation. Cli-
mate Policy 21(7), 2021 : 868-883.
Climate change adaptation is increasingly being mainstreamed into all
types of organizations across the world. A large number of intergovern-
mental organizations (IGOs), such as the EU, the World Bank, or FAO,
have already started to mainstream adaptation. Yet, despite a surge in
scholarly interest in climate policy integration over the past decade, adap-
tation is still predominantly studied as a local issue and mainstreaming in
IGOs remains poorly understood. We develop and test an innovative
framework for examining adaptation mainstreaming practices in IGOs. Us-
ing quantitative and qualitative data derived from extensive fieldwork con-
ducted between 2017 and 2020, we examine mainstreaming practices in
a large number of IGOs We conclude with a discussion of how our frame-
work can inform the theory and practice of global adaptation governance.
[R, abr.]
72.2387 DEMETER, Márton ; GOYANES, Manuel — Antecedents of
leaving the European Union: the role of nostalgia and atti-
tudes towards diversity in Spain, Italy, and Greece. Medi-
terranean Politics 26(4), 2021 : 407-429.
This study analyzes public attitudes towards Euroskepticism in three Med-
iterranean countries: Spain, Italy and Greece. Specifically, drawing upon
cultural backlash theory, we investigate how the general feeling of nostal-
gia and the rejection of neoliberal values like social and cultural diversity
affect citizens’ Eurosceptic attitudes and thus their willingness to leave the
EU. Based on survey data from the Pew Research Center, we first find
that attitudes towards ethnic, religious and racial diversity predict citizens’
willingness to leave the European Union in Spain and Italy, but not in
Greece, whereas citizens with higher levels of nostalgia are more prone to
leave the European Union in Spain and Greece, but not in Italy. Finally,
attitudes towards diversity are explored as a moderator over the relation-
ship between citizens’ perceptions of their country’s economic situation
and Eurosceptic attitudes. [R, abr.]
72.2388 DIKO, Nqophisa ; SEMPIJJA, Norman — Conduit for eco-
nomic growth and development? Exploring South Africa
and Brazil’s BRICS membership. Politikon (South African
Journal of Political Studies) 48(3), 2021 : 355-371 .
For decades, the most used mainstream model for economic growth and
development was that used and promoted by the global north. However,
this model has not seen the same results in the developing global south.
BRICS presented an alternative means to the global north’s approach to
economic growth and development. This article examines whether BRICS
membership has fostered the economic growth and development of South
Africa and Brazil. I examines the five years before and after Brazil and
South Africa joined BRICS. Key findings of the study are that economic
growth and development gains have been minimal. The study concludes
that Brazil and South Africa have achieved political gains from their BRICS
membership, which is considered to offset the absence of tangible eco-
nomic growth and development gains. [R]
72.2389 DUPUITS, Emilie — Reversing climatisation: transnational
grassroots networks and territorial security discourse in
a fragmented global climate governance. International Pol-
itics 58(4), Aug. 2021 : 563-581.
Created in 2010 during the international climate conference in Cancún,
Mexico, the Mesoamerican alliance of peoples and forests (AMPB) lobbies
for the recognition of territorial rights, which it frames as a fu ndamental
safeguard in the global fight against climate change. On the one hand, it
seeks to participate in global climate arenas, so as to capture the wide
political and financial opportunities this context offers. On the other hand,
it contests the “over-climatisation” of international debates, fearing that this
would side-line the active historical role of local and indigenous communi-
ties in forest conservation and carbon storage. The paper examines the
strategies mobilised by transnational grassroots networks ahead, during
and beyond COP21 considered as a critical moment in global climate gov-
ernance. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.2451]
72.2390 FEDORCHAK, Viktoriya — European procurement schemes
and the European Defence Fund (EDF): how should aca-
demic research develop? Journal of European Integration
43(6), 2021 : 773-780.
Because of the recent deterioration of security and stability in the world,
disruption of supply chains due to COVID-19, paying attention to national
security and defence industries became of supreme importance for the
stable development of European defence and security within both the Al-
lied and the European frameworks. This article addresses the current
trends in European security cooperation, with a narrower focus on national
military-industrial complexes and defence industrial cooperation in the Eu-
ropean Union (EU). The article analyses a few academic books on the
subject and a wider academic/professional debate in order to illustrate
which aspects of coverage are beneficial, which are missing with respect
to the objectives of the European Defence Fund (EDF) and which spheres
need to be developed further. [R, abr.]
72.2391 FELD, Lars P. ; KÖHLER, Ekkehard A. — The European
Phoenix 2.0. Zeitschrift für Politik 68(2), 2021 : 167-174.
In this article we analyze the economic and political challenges that the EU
and its member states have to face regardless of the COVID-19 pandemic:
We differentiate between the medium and long-term challenges of demo-
graphic, digital and climate change and the general need to further develop
the institutions of the EU. [R]
72.2392 FEREY, Amélie — De l'instrumentalisation à l'arsenalisa-
tion des organisations non gouvernementales (From in-
strumentalization to weaponization of non-governmental
organizations). Revue Défense nationale 842, été 2021 : 48-
55.
Les organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG) peuvent être instrumen-
talisées par des états ou des lobbys à des fins partisanes. Elles peuvent
même être utilisées pour déstabiliser, et s'inscrivent alors dans un proces-
sus politique. D'où un besoin de vigilance, mais aussi de transparence ac-
crue. [R] [Cf. Abstr. 72.2713]
72.2393 FRANCHINO, Fabio ; MARIOTTO, Camilla — Noncompli-
ance risk, asymmetric power and the design of enforce-
ment of the European economic governance. European Un-
ion Politics 22(4), Dec. 2021 : 591-610.
In the EU, states can distribute enforcement prerogatives between a su-
pranational agency, over which they exercise equal influence, and a Coun-
cil of Ministers, where power resources mostly vary by country size. What
shapes attitudes towards different enforcement designs? States at greater
risk of noncompliance should eschew deeper cooperation and prefer pro-
cedures over which they can exercise more influence. Employing an orig-
inal data set of positions on relevant contested issues during the negotia-
tions over fiscal governance rules from 1997 to 2012, we show that gov-
ernments at greater risk of noncompliance prefer greater discretion and, if
they have higher voting power, more Council involvement in enforcement.
These factors only partially explain positions on Commission empower-
ment. Given their greater indeterminacy, attitudes are also shaped by na-
tional public opinion. [R]
72.2394 GASTINGER, Markus ; DÜR, Andreas — Joint bodies in the
European Union's international agreements: delegating
powers to the European Commission in EU external rela-
tions. European Union Politics 22(4), Dec. 2021 : 611-630.
In many international agreements, the EU sets up joint bodies such as
‘association councils’ or ‘joint committees’. These institutions bring to-
gether European Union and third-country officials for agreement imple-
mentation. To date, we know surprisingly little about how much discretion
the European Commission enjoys in them. Drawing on a principal–agent
framework, we hypothesise that the complexity of agreements, the voting
rule, conflict within the Council, and agency losses can explain Commis-
sion discretion in these institutions. Drawing on an original dataset cover-
ing nearly 300 such joint bodies set up by the European Union since 1992,
we find robust empirical support for all expectations except for the agency
loss thesis. Our findings suggest that the European Commission is the pri-
mary actor in the implementation of many of the European Union's inter-
national agreements, allowing it to influence EU external relations beyond
what is currently acknowledged in the literature. [R]
72.2395 GULIYEV, Farid ; GAWRICH, Andrea — OSCE mediation
strategies in Eastern Ukraine and Nagorno-Karabakh: a
comparative analysis. European Security 30(4), 2021 : 569-
588.
Even though the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE) has performed mediation efforts in Eurasian secessionist conflicts,
its role has been neglected by mainstream international relations (IR) and
conflict mediation literature. To fill in this gap, this article examines OSCE
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