V International Relations / Relations Internationales
| DOI | http://doi.org/10.1177/00208345221142069 |
| Published date | 01 December 2022 |
| Date | 01 December 2022 |
837
V
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES
(a) International law, organization and administration/Droit international, organisation et administration in ternationales
72.7630 ABRAHAM, Kavi Joseph — Modeling institutional change
and subject-production: the World Bank's turn to stake-
holder participation. International Studies Quarterly 66(3),
Sept. 2022 : online.
There is a robust literature on the World Bank's shift toward participatory
development in the 1990s but scant attention to [how] participation was
defined in terms of “stakeholder” inclusion. Thus, there are two related
outcomes to explain: a shift in institutional practice and the formation of a
novel subject of development governance. Drawing on pragmatist and ob-
ject-oriented international relations, I develop a model of how institutions
become objects of sustained and collective reflection, at once opening the
possibility for institutional change and new political subjectivity. In the case
of the Bank, I specifically argue that out of a period of crisis, actors inside
and outside the Bank reflected on the problem of development, borrowing
from past experiments with systems managerialism to define the contours
of the problem and pose solutions. [R, abr.]
72.7631 ALLEN, William L. ; EASTON-CALABRIA, Evan — Combin-
ing computational and archival methods to study interna-
tional organizations: refugees and the International La-
bour Organization, 1919-2015. International Studies Quar-
terly 66(3), Sept. 2022 : online.
Researchers studying international organizations have access to growing
and varied archives due to digitization efforts. While developments in com-
putational methods confer efficiency gains for examining these materials
at scale, they raise concerns about their validity when applied to interpre-
tive tasks in historical settings. In response, we present a general and flex-
ible workflow that uses simple computational techniques from linguistics
to enhance archival researchers’ interpretive skills and sensitivity to his-
torical contexts. These techniques also identify patterns that can serve as
evidence of causal mechanisms when embedded within strong research
designs and theoretical expectations. Then, we demonstrate our mixed-
method approach by applying it to a dataset of International Labour Or-
ganization’s (ILO) annual reports spanning ninety-three years. [R, abr.]
72.7632 AMARAL, Joana — UN sanctions and mediation in Sierra
Leone: opportunities and pitfalls when managing veto
players. Global Governance 28(2), July 2022 : 274-293.
The UN-imposed sanctions on Sierra Leone began in 1997 after the Rev-
olutionary United Front (RUF) led a coup that forced newly elected presi-
dent Ahmad Tejan Kabbah into exile. Alongside its peacemaking efforts,
the UN Security Council explicitly supported the reinstatement of Kabbah,
and its sanctions targeted the RUF by limiting travel and banning the trade
of arms, petroleum, and diamonds. This article analyzes whether and how
UN sanctions pushed the RUF to negotiate, accept, and implement agree-
ments mediated by the Economic Community of West African States and
the UN. It adds to the inclusion debate in peace mediation literature by
discussing whether the coordinated use of sanctions and mediation can
resolve the difficulties inherent in including veto players in peace negotia-
tions. [R, abr.]
72.7633 ANGHEL, Veronica ; JONES, Erik — Failing forward in East-
ern Enlargement: problem solving through problem mak-
ing. Journal of European Public Policy 29(7), 2022 : 1092-
1111.
The ‘failing forward’ synthesis of liberal intergovernmentalism and
neofunctionalism puts European member states governments in charge of
the process of integration (Jones, et al. , [2016], "Failing Forward? The
Euro Crisis and the Incomplete Nature of European Integration". Compar-
ative Political Studies, 48(7), 1010-1034). However, this placement does
not show clearly whether the principals are reactive or proactive. That dis-
tinction between proactive and reactive is important in understanding what
it means to say that integration is a movement ‘forward’ and what we mean
by ‘success’. Moving forward could mean building out the great ideals of
Europe’s political leaders, but it could also mean reacting to events in a
way that solves problems, even if only imperfectly. The process of Eastern
enlargement shows this distinction at work. We argue that enlargement is
‘successful’ as a reactive process and not as a proactive one. In proactive
terms, the Eastern enlargement process has a consistent record of failure
inasmuch as agents did not get what they wanted when they wanted it. [R,
abr.]
72.7634 BECKER, Jordan — Defence spending, burden-sharing and
strategy in NATO’s Black Sea littoral states: domestic, re-
gional, and international systemic factors. Southeast Euro-
pean and Black Sea Studies 21(3), 2021 : 393-413.
The allocation of scarce resources is a grand strategic question — burden-
sharing behaviour has clear effects on states’ ability to contribute to col-
lective defence. Both NATO and the European Union encourage members
not just to spend more on defence, but to focus those expenditures on
equipment modernization and shared operational requirements. After
NATO allies formally pledged to improve burden-sharing along these lines
in 2014, and EU members followed in 2016, transatlantic debates on de-
fence spending have become increasingly tense, particularly since 2017.
What actually drives states’ choices to allocate resources to shared de-
fence priorities? I operationalize transatlantic burden-sharing in line with
NATO’s ‘Cash, Capabilities, and Contributions’ approach for a mixed-
methods analysis of the burden-sharing behaviour of NATO’s Black Sea
littoral states — Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey. [R, abr.]
72.7635 BIERSTEKER, Thomas J. ; BRUBAKER, Rebecca ; LANZ, Da-
vid — Exploring the relationships between UN sanctions
and mediation. Global Governance 28(2), July 2022 : 180-
202.
Sanctions and mediation are often applied simultaneously by the UN, but
there has been little systematic exploration of their interrelationships.
Drawing on research from the Sanctions and Mediation Project (SM P),
both complications and complementarities can be identified. Sanctions can
complicate mediation by fostering exclusion, emboldening nonsanctioned
parties, closing mediation space, undercutting mediator impartiality, and
forcing premature agreements. At the same time, sanctions can comple-
ment mediation by deterring spoilers, breaking stalemates, incentivizing
cooperation, modifying cost-benefit calculations, ensuring broad participa-
tion in talks, and facilitating the onset of talks. The conditions under which
complementarity can be enhanced include UN Security Council unity, fo-
cus and coherence of mandates, and regional cooperation. [R, abr.]
72.7636 BILEWICZ, Aleksandra ; MAMONOVA, Natalia ; BU RDYKA,
Konrad — “Paradoxical” dissatisfaction among post-so-
cialist farmers with the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy:
a study of farmers’ subjectivities in rural Poland. East Eu-
ropean Politics and Societies and Cultures 36(3), Aug. 2022 :
892-912.
Farmers in post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe are the major bene-
ficiaries of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), at least in mone-
tary terms. Why, then, are they dissatisfied with the CAP? This study aims
to understand farmers’ subjectivities (i.e., judgments shaped by personal
opinions and feelings) regarding CAP and compares these subjectivities
to the actual impact of CAP in rural areas. It is based on empirical research
in the Błaszki commune in central Poland, where the farmers’ movement
Agrounia originated. The study has found that in addition to its benefits,
CAP created a number of new problems, such as socio-economic differ-
entiation and related tensions in rural communities, misuse of the CAP’s
direct payments, disappearance of rural (peasant) lifestyle, and environ-
mental degradation. The empirical material has also revealed the fragile
position of Polish farmers in the domestic market, which affects their dig-
nity and self-esteem. Agrounia seeks to address the latter issue, yet it
faces the problems of farmer mobilization and negative representation in
the media. [R, abr.]
72.7637 BLAIR, Robert A. ; SALVATORE, Jessica Di ; SMIDT, Hannah
M. — When do UN peacekeeping operations implement
their mandates? American Journal of Political Science 66(3),
July 2022 : 664-680.
Under what conditions do UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs) implement
the tasks in their mandates? Contemporary PKOs are expected to fulfill
increasingly fragmented mandates in active conflict zones. We argue that
these two trends — increasingly fragmented mandates, increasingly
International relations
838
implemented amidst violence — exacerbate delegation and coordination
problems that hinder PKOs from pursuing mandated tasks, potentially un-
dermining their legitimacy in the eyes of the Security Council, troop-con-
tributing countries, and host governments. Combining new data-sets on
PKO activities and mandates in Africa (1998-2016) and using instrumental
variables and two-way fixed effects models, we find that mandate frag-
mentation is negatively correlated with mandate implementation, espe-
cially for peacebuilding tasks. Ongoing violence is also negatively corre-
lated w ith implementation of peacebu ilding tasks, but not with security
tasks. [R, abr.]
72.7638 BOROŃSKA-HRYNIEWIECKA, Karolina ; GRINC, Jan — Ac-
tions speak louder than words? The untapped potential of
V4 Parliaments in EU affairs. East European Politics and So-
cieties and Cultures 36(3), Aug. 2022 : 780-802.
This article offers the first ever comparative analysis of the involvement of
V4 parliaments in the sphere of EU affairs. Its underlying research objec-
tive is to determine what conditions V4’s parliamentary participation in var-
ious EU-oriented activities such as domestic scrutiny of the government’s
EU policy, the political dialogue with the Commission, the Early Warning
System for subsidiarity control, and the green card initiative. Based on the
actual scrutiny output, parliamentary minutes, and data from question-
naires, we address the questions: (1) To what extent domestic legislatures
act as autonomous as opposed to government-supporting actors in these
arenas? (2) Do they mostly act as EU veto players, or try to contribute
constructively to the EU policy-making process by bringing alternative pol-
icy ideas? (3) What are their motivations for engaging in direct dialogue
with EU institutions in addition to domestic scrutiny? and (4) How MPs
envisage their own EU-oriented roles? [R, abr.]
72.7639 CARBONE, Maurizio — There is life beyond the European
Union: revisiting the Organisation of African, Caribbean
and Pacific States. Third World Quarterly 42(10), 2021 :
2451-2468.
The African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group, established in June
1975 by the Georgetown Agreement, was generally seen as an emanation
of the EU. This article presents a non-EU-centric perspective by discuss-
ing various initiatives aimed at fostering intra-ACP cooperation and pro-
moting common ACP positions in international settings. Furthermore, it
analyses various threats to the survival of the ACP Group, some linked to
its allegedly ineffective performance as an organisation, others related to
the rise of competitors, most notably the African Union. Importantly, it
delves into the reform process that culminated in the adoption of the re-
vised Georgetown Agreement in December 2019, which transformed the
ACP Group into the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States
(OACPS), with the aim of establishing it as a relevant and influential global
actor and reducing its dependence on the EU. [R, abr.]
72.7640 CHAUDHRY, Suparna — The assault on civil society: ex-
plaining state crackdown on NGOs. International Organiza-
tion 76(3), Summer 2022 : 549-590.
Nongovernmental organizations are central to contemporary global gov-
ernance, and their numbers and influence have grown dramatically since
the middle of the twentieth century. However, in the last three de cades
more than 130 states have repressed these groups, suggesting that a
broad range of states perceive them as costly. When they choose to re-
press NGOs, under what conditions do states use violent strategies versus
administrative means? The choice depends on two main factors: the na-
ture of the threat posed by these groups, and the consequences of crack-
ing down on them. Violent crackdown is useful in the face of immediate
domestic threats, such as protests. However, violence may increase the
state's criminal liability, reduce its legitimacy, violate human rights treaties,
and further intensify mobilization against the regime. Therefore, states are
more likely to use administrative crackdown, especially in dealing with
long-term threats, such as when NGOs influence electoral politics. I test
this theory using an original data set of administrative crackdowns on
NGOs, as well as violent crackdown on NGO activists, across all countries
from 1990 to 2013. [R, abr.]
72.7641 CHERUVU, Sivaram — When does the European Commis-
sion pursue noncompliance? European Union Politics 23(3),
Sept. 2022 : 375-397.
Under what conditions will international compliance-monitoring institutions
pursue violations of international law? The European Commission’s in-
fringement procedure is a multi-step process that culminates at the Court
of Justice of the European Union when a member state has allegedly vio-
lated European Union law. The Commission, however, does not have
meaningful enforcement powers, and may potentially spend valuable time
and resources on a case only for a member state to not comply with Eu-
ropean Union law. To manage this opportunity cost of pursuing other vio-
lations of European Union law, I argue that the Commission will strategi-
cally delay advancing a case through the infringement procedure when it
anticipates that the political conditions will be m ore favorable for
compliance in the future. I provide evidence that the Commission delays
infringement proceedings when it expects the election of a new govern-
ment that will be more likely to comply than the incumbent government. [R]
72.7642 CLARK, Richard — Bargain down or shop Around? Outside
options and IMF conditionality. Journal of Politics 84(3), July
2022 : 1791-1805.
Utilizing an original data-set on cooperation among emergency lending in-
ternational organizations (IOs), I find that exit options boost states’ bar-
gaining leverage only when IOs compete as opposed to cooperate with
one another. While the literature frames the IMF as a monopoly organiza-
tion, I show that it increasingly competes with regional financing arrange-
ments (RFAs). When RFAs compete with the IMF, they become credible
exit options that member states can leverage in negotiations over condi-
tional lending at the Fund. I first offer original descriptive analysis of pat-
terns of cooperation among these IOs. I then hypothesize that members of
IOs that compete with the IMF, but not members of cooperative institutions,
ought to receive less intrusive conditionality from the Fund. A series of re-
gressions lend support for my theory, as do supplemental interviews and
text analysis. [R, abr.]
72.7643 COLLINS, Alan ; SOON, Edmund Bon Tai — The AICHR as a
participatory space: contesting the secretive face of
power. Australian Journal of International Affairs 76(4), 2022 :
359-378.
The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) is
often regarded unfavourably, depicted at best as irrelevant in the battle to
promote and protect human rights in Southeast Asia, and at worst, com-
plicit in the abuse of human rights by its silence in the face of the region's
human rights' tragedies. While AICHR has many limitations, we regard it
as a work-in-progress, evolving as it was always meant to. To understand
this evolution, we conceive of AICHR as a participatory space in which
contestation of what AICHR can, and cannot, do is being undertaken by its
Representatives. This contestation includes exposing its secretive face of
power by revealing: the space human rights can be discussed in; who can
participate and who is excluded in this discussion; and how malleable the
norms that operate within this space are to change. The latter aspect of
contestation engages with the thorny ‘problem’ of consensus. [R, abr.]
72.7644 CREPAZ, Michele ; HANEGRAAFF, Marcel — (Don’t) bite the
hand that feeds you: do critical interest organizations gain
less funding in the EU? European Political Science Review
14(3), Aug. 2022 : 315-332.
In this study we test whether interest organizations that are confrontational
towards EU institutions are less successful than their more cooperative
counterparts in obtaining funding from the European Commission (EC).
The transfer of public funds to interest organizations is a key dynamic in
state-civil society relationships. Research shows that organizations, espe-
cially public groups, often heavily rely on public funds to the point that,
without funds, many would cease to exist. ‘Don’t bite the hand that feeds
you’ is thus a popular expression among leaders of organizations who ap-
ply for funds. Scholars document a widespread perception among group
leaders that a confrontational attitude towards the state can lead to curtail
of public funds. This perception is based on the assumption that state in-
stitutions use public funding to discipline confrontational interest organiza-
tions. We test this assumption using quantitative and qualitative data col-
lected from a survey of 270 interest organizations who applied for EC fund-
ing between 2015 and 2018. [R, abr.]
72.7645 DEUS PEREIRA, Joana DE ; KAUNERT, Christian — The
high representative’s role in EU countering terrorism: pol-
icy entrepreneurship and thick, thin and global Europe.
European Politics and Society 23(1), 2022 : 94-114.
This article examines the role of the High Representative of the European
Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR) in the counter terrorism
agenda and how it has been whittled according to the multiplicity and com-
plexity of the several terrorism related crises in Europe, from Javier Solana
to Federica Mogherini, following this special issue four faces taxonomy of
Europe. It addresses how the different HRs explored terrorism as an exis-
tential threat and assesses their performance following Kingdon’s policy
entrepreneurship framework and Mintrom’s research on policy entrepre-
neurship. It aspires to understand the hybrid nature and performance of
the HRs as an institutional figure within the four faces of Europe framework
and how the EU’s complex institutional structure stretches policy bounda-
ries and compels the use of different decision-making mechanisms to deal
with domestic, external and foreign components of counter-terrorism ac-
cording to different materialisations of Europe’s Self and Others. [R]
72.7646 EGE, Jörn, et a l. — Avoiding disciplinary garbage cans: a
pledge for a problem-driven approach to researching in-
ternational public administration. Journal of European Pub-
lic Policy 29(7), 2022 : 1169-1181.
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