V International Relations / Relations Internationales
| Published date | 01 October 2022 |
| DOI | http://doi.org/10.1177/00208345221131610 |
| Date | 01 October 2022 |
712
V
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES
(a) International law, organization and administration/Droit international, organisation et administration in ternationales
72.6465 AALBU, Kjersti ; LONGVA, Tore — From progress to delay:
the quest for data in the negotiations on greenhouse
gases in the International Maritime Organization. Global
Environmental Politics 22(2), May 2022 : 136-155.
This article examines the quest for data in the negotiations on the reduc-
tion of greenhouse gases in the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
from 2012 to 2020. We find that the collection of data was invoked in two
different manners: holding back decision-making on emission-reduction
regulations and helping the greenhouse gas negotiations move forward
out of gridlock. We draw on insights from literature in science and technol-
ogy studies on the politics of data and boundary objects to explore how
these strategies are entangled over time. We argue that aligning around
data collection and an ambiguous “three-step approach” to decision-mak-
ing initially facilitated collaboration between IMO delegations despite dis-
agreement on details. We examine how the three-step approach later
morphs into what we call a mechanism for delay over the course of the
negotiation period. [R, abr.]
72.6466 AGOSTINO, Mariafarncesca d' ; RANIOLO, Francesco — La
governance europea dei rifugiati di fronte alla pandemia:
perché fallisce ancora (European asylum governance in
the face of the pandemic: why it fails again). Rivista italiana
di Politiche pubbliche, 2022(1) : 11-42.
The article analyses the major crisis that, before and in the course of the
pandemic, have overwhelmed European policies on asylum to analyse
their determinants and political repercussions. Comparing different crisis
and chaotic events demonstrates how these can be seen as failures pro-
duced by the shift of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) to-
wards security logics and paradigms of management. We refer to a broad
series of transformations projected at the geopolitical level, of the networks
of actors entrusted with the control of borders and from the point of view
of receiving societies. At all these levels clearly emerge identities, net-
works and patterns of spatial governance that paradoxically undermine EU
authority and integration of exploiting its same policies, resources and rep-
resentations. [R]
72.6467 ALBARET, Mélanie ; BRUN, Élodie — Dissenting at the
United Nations: interaction orders and Venezuelan con-
testation practices (201 5-16). Review of International Stud-
ies 48(3), July 2022 : 523-542.
The Venezuelan participation in the United Nations Security Council
(UNSC) in 2015 and 2016 was expected to be a challenge for the institu-
tion, as the Maduro government adopted controversial positions at the
General Assembly (UNGA). However, Venezuela contestation line did not
appear clearly at the UNSC. Drawing upon an in-depth qualitative study,
Erving Goffman's work, and literature on contestation in international or-
ganisations (IOs), we interpret this apparent inconsistency from the con-
cept of interaction order. We argue that the UNGA and the UNSC each
constitutes a specific interaction order that influences the way contestation
practices are channelled. The contestation practices Venezuelan repre-
sentatives set up at the UNGA hardly work during the UNSC official ses-
sions, where they adapt their practices to its interaction order. Venezuelan
representatives also use informal and backstage actions to express their
dissent, without avoiding being called into order. [R, abr.]
72.6468 ANANIA, Jessica — Transitional justice and the ongoing
exclusion of sexual exploitation and abuse by interna-
tional intervenors. International Affairs 98(3), May 2022 :
893-913.
Transitional justice has addressed only conflict-related sexual violence
(CRSV) while excluding sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA). This exclu-
sion persists despite both SEA and CRSV occurring during armed conflict,
taking the same forms, impacting congruent victim populations, and falling
within the Women, Peace and Security framework. SEA is perpetrated by
international intervenors such as peacekeepers and aid workers. Exclud-
ing SEA denies victims a critical pathway to accountability and undermines
prevention efforts for all forms of sexual violence. Using the original Gen-
der Violence in Truth Commissions database, this article examines why
SEA is excluded from transitional justice. To date, only two transitional
justice mechanisms — the Sierra Leonian and Liberian truth commissions
— have addressed SEA by intervenors. Analysis of these two exceptional
cases reveals barriers to inclusion of SEA within transitional justice. [R,
abr.]
72.6469 ARIAS, Sabrina B. — Who securitizes? Climate change dis-
course in the United Nations. International Studies Quarterly
66(2), June 2022 : online.
While securitization theory predicts that states that are existentially threat-
ened by a problem are most likely to attempt to securitize it, I argue that
accounting for the dynamics of institutional agendas can better explain this
phenomenon. States that stand to gain agenda control as a result of secu-
ritization are likely to rhetorically attempt to securitize, while those that are
materially interested in the issue are less likely to do so. I test this theory
in the case of the climate change in the UN, leveraging data on speeches
in the General Assembly. I provide the first quantitative test of the securit-
ization of climate politics, finding that P5 states securitize to expand their
agenda control, while Small Island Developing States do not securitize,
contra previous expectations. I further find that the overall climate dis-
course cannot be characterized as securitized. [R, abr.]
72.6470 AROUSSI, Sahla — Strange bedfellows: interrogating the
unintended consequences of integrating countering vio-
lent extremism with the UN's women, peace, and security
agenda in Kenya. Politics and Gender 17(4), Dec. 2021 : 665-
695.
In October 2015, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution
2242 calling on member states to work toward the greater integration of
the women, peace, and security (WPS) agenda with efforts to counter ter-
rorism and violent extremism. While the rapprochement between counter-
terrorism and WPS may appear to be a step forward, particularly for those
seeking to increase women's participation in areas traditionally dominated
by men, it is also potentially dangerous. This article makes a significant
contribution to the larger debate on the WPS agenda by studying the im-
pact and unintended consequences of linking WPS with countering violent
extremism on the ground in Kenya. Based on original research in the field,
including key informant interviews, I argue that in the Kenyan context, con-
necting WPS with violent extremism has had several damaging conse-
quences for women and their communities. [R, abr.]
72.6471 BECKER, Manuel — Externalising internal policies via con-
flict: the EU’s indirect influence on international institu-
tions. Journal of European Public Policy 29(4), 2022 : 589-
608.
This paper identifies an innovative mechanism of how the EU’s internal
policies could lead to policy adaptations within international institutions.
Having authority over the single market, the EU regulates important market
actors whose behaviour is oftentimes crucial for the effectiveness of global
cooperation projects. By intentionally or unintentionally creating a vertical
regulatory conflict with an intern ational institution, the EU might influence
the behaviour of European market actors in a way that it undermines the
effectiveness of the international institution. To preserve its effectiveness,
the external institution is forced to adapt towards European internal poli-
cies to dissolve conflict and to enable mutual compliance for European
market actors. The potential of the mechanism is explored in two cases:
[R, abr.]
72.6472 BIANCULLI, Andrea C. — Regionalism and regional organ-
isations: exploring the dynamics of institutional formation
and change in Latin America. Journal of International Rela-
tions and Development 25(2), June 2022 : 556-581.
Two elements define regional integration in Latin America: its extension in
time and its plurality. Analyses abound regarding the drivers underlying
regional cooperation, the specific institutional design, its effects, and im -
pact. However, studies have not yet provided full answers to the question
of how regional institutions emerge and change through time in Latin
America. To investigate this rather underexplored issue, I contribute a dy-
namic analytical framework whereby interests and ideas are taken as fac-
tors that interact with each other within a specified institutional e nviron-
ment, thus shaping processes of institutional creation, change and
Relations internationales
713
development. The paper draws on comparative regionalism and institu-
tionalism studies and empirically explores more than 25 years of regional
cooperation in Latin America. Focus is on the comparative assessment of
the Common Market of the South and the Union of South American Na-
tions. [R, abr.]
72.6473 BLOOMFIELD, Jon ; STEWARD, Fred — Strategies for cli-
mate change post COP26. Political Quarterly 93(2), Apr.-
June 2022 : 278-287.
Despite the many disappointments of the UN COP26 conference, both
public awareness of global warming and the profile of the environmental
movements seeking to halt it have gained political momentum. Climate
denialists are in retreat. After four decades in absentia, government inter-
vention is back. The need to tackle climate change is increasingly recog-
nised across the political, business and civic spectrum. This article as-
sesses these developments and argues that such is the scale and urgency
of the climate emergency that the time is ripe for cross-ideological ‘green
new deal’ coalitions to emerge. The article proposes a policy framework
that can bring together a range of political and social forces in a common
endeavour over a protracted period of time. The new German coalition
agreement, with its strategic focus on an ecological, social market econ-
omy, offers a signpost to the way ahead. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 72.]
72.6474 BRACK, Nathalie ; COSTA, Olivier ; MARIÉ, Awenig — The
European Parliament and Covid-19: organisational adap-
tations and their implications on parliamentary activity.
Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 52(4), 2021 : 844-859.
As early as March 2020, the President of the European Parliament de-
cided to shut down the assembly's facilities in Brussel and to cancel the
plenary sessions in Strasbourg. Important decisions were made to aban-
don in-person meetings, introduce teleworking for all staff, and implement
remote deliberation and voting both in committees and in the plenary. The
Rules of Procedure were adapted to formalize these organisational
changes and make them ready for future crises. All in all, the European
Parliament proved to be resilient and adaptive: it continued to discuss and
adopt many legislative, budgetary and non-legislative texts in the plenary.
However, remote-work did have a very high level of consensus, as the
result of a higher level of agreement between the two main party groups,
the European People's Party and the Socialists & Democrats. [R, abr.]
72.6475 CHILMERAN, Yasmin — Women, Peace and Security
across scales: exclusions and opportunities in Iraq's WPS
engagements. International Affairs 98(2), March 2022 : 747-
765.
While space, positionality, hierarchy and location have been central un-
dercurrents to understanding women's participation and uptake of the
Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda, there has been little concep-
tual clarity about how these dynamics play out in post-conflict settings, nor
on the impact that this has on women's civil society networks in these lo-
cations. In turn, this silence depoliticizes, decontextualizes and flattens the
complex and diverse uses of the WPS agenda in post-conflict settings, as
well as the diverse civil society arrangements underpinning this activity.
This article makes the issue of space and its political nature central (cap-
tured through the use of the ‘politics of scale’), with re ference to Iraq as a
context for unpacking these dynamics. I explore how Iraqi women partici-
pate across different scalar contexts linked to the WPS agenda, and nav-
igate exclusions and opportunities within and across them. [R, abr.]
72.6476 CHRISTIAN, Ben — A threat rather than a resource: why
voicing internal criticism is difficult in international organ-
isations. Journal of International Relations and Development
25(2), June 2022 : 425-449.
Voicing criticism seems to be a difficult task for employees in international
organisations (IOs), as numerous anecdotes in the literature suggest. This
observation is alarming, since internal criticism is an indispensable re-
source for organisational learning processes. So why are IOs apparently
not using this resource to its full potential? The article combines insights
from organisation theory with an empirical case study of the UN Secretar-
iat. My general argument is that ‘criticism from within’ is ambivalent. It can
be a resource for, but also a threat to IOs: internal criticism can endanger
an IO’s external reputation as well as destabilise the organisation from
within. [R, abr.]
72.6477 CORTELL, Andrew P. ; PETERSON, Susan — Autonomy
and international organisations. Journal of International Re-
lations and Development 25(2), June 2022 : 399-424.
For two decades scholars have used insights from constructivist ap-
proaches and principal-agent (P-A) theory to understand the relationship
between states and international organisations (IOs). Together, these
works identify the conditions under which IOs can operate independently
of states, although they have yet to explain when and why IO bureaucrats
are likely to do so. Nor do they articulate a clear and consistent definition
of autonomy. In this article, we seek to fill these gaps. We advance a nar-
row understanding of autonomy that distinguishes unintended behaviour
from the intended independence of IO bureaucrats, before developing a
three-stage, integrative explanation for the conditions under wh ich IO bu-
reaucrats act autonomously. Case studies of the WHO and the WTO illus-
trate our argument. [R, abr.]
72.6478 DEDERKE, Julian — CJEU judgments in the news — Cap-
turing the public salience of decisions of the EU’s highest
court. Journal of European Public Policy 29(4), 2022 : 609-
628.
Case salience data are prominent in the US judicial politics literature. By
contrast, such data is not available for most other courts. With the contin-
ued judicialization of politics in the EU and the CJEU’s growing importance,
court decisions could increasingly receive public attention. Inspired by US
case salience data this paper provides insight into new data on newspaper
coverage of 4357 CJEU decisions in eight EU broadsheets. Asking under
which conditions newspapers report on judicial decisions, the article links
theoretical expectations about the public salience of court decisions with
empirical data on CJEU case salience. Multi-level regression models show
that the salience of CJEU decisions varies depending on the standing of
courts in national political systems, case characteristics, inter-institutional
conflict, and the Court’s public relations activities. These findings have im-
plications for the perception and communication of the CJEU and provide
initial insights into media attention for hundreds of CJEU cases. [R]
72.6479 DENTICO, Nicoletta — The breathing catastrophe: COVID-
19 and global health governance. Development 64(1-2),
2021 : 4-12.
In the second year of the pandemic, the malaise of global health govern-
ance has come to the fore at the intersection of the trajectories of global
crises that have converged in 2020: the soaring inequalities, the climate
disaster and the effects of a globalization that takes our breath away.
COVID-19 puts into question most of the global health assumptions and
reaffirms the political intuitions of the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration on pri-
mary health care, which positioned health at the centre of a public sector-
led project for economic transformation and human dignity, based on hu-
man rights. The new coronavirus imposes a new sense of purpose to
health policymaking, which is not yet captured in the current failed global
response to the pandemic. This is also an opportunity for the international
community that believes in public health and the role of public institutions,
to re-imagine itself and project new creative ways to engage beyond clas-
sical models, so as to reconquer some ground for a healthier future. [R]
72.6480 DÖRFLER, Thomas — The effect of expert recommenda-
tions on intergovernmental decision-making: North Korea,
Iran, and non-proliferation sanctions in the Security Coun-
cil. International Relations 36(2), June 2022 : 237-261.
The article explores whether and to what extent expert recommendations
affect decision-making within the Security Council and its North Korea and
Iran sanctions regimes. The article first develops a rationalist theoretical
argument to show why making many second-stage decisions, such as de-
termining lists of items under export restrictions, subjects Security Council
members to repeating coordination situations. Expert recommendations
may provide focal point solutions to coordination problems, even when in-
terests diverge and preferences remain stable. Empirically, the article first
explores whether expert recommendations affected decision-making on
commodity sanctions imposed on North Korea. Council members heavily
relied on recommended export trigger lists as focal points, solving a divi-
sive conflict among great powers. Second, the article explores whether
expert recommendations affected the designation of sanctions violators in
the Iran sanctions regime. Council members designated individuals and
entities following expert recommendations as focal points, despite conflict-
ing interests among great powers. [R, abr.]
72.6481 DORUSSEN, Han ; BÖHMELT, Tobias ; CLAYTON, Govinda
— Sequencing United Nations peacemaking: political ini-
tiatives and peacekeeping operations. Conflict Management
and Peace Science 39(1), Jan. 2022 : 24-48.
The UN has developed a diverse range of peacemaking tools, including
different forms of political initiatives (diplomatic, technocratic, and political-
development missions) and peacekeeping operations. Yet we know sur-
prisingly little about when and why we observe the onset of different types
of UN missions. Examining an “escalatory trajectory,” we analyze the
United Nations Peace Initiatives data, a new dataset providing information
on all different types of UN engagements. Our main contributions are that
we provide insights into how the different types of m issions relate to one
another and conceptual clarity about what the different types of missions
are. [R]
72.6482 DOWNIE, Christian — How do informal international organ-
izations govern? The G20 and orchestration. International
Affairs 98(3), May 2022 : 953-972.
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