VI International Relations / Relations Internationales
| Published date | 01 August 2023 |
| DOI | http://doi.org/10.1177/00208345231194183 |
| Date | 01 August 2023 |
606
VI
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES
(a) International law, organization and administration/Droit international, organisation et administration in ternationales
73.5177 ANANYAN, Armenuhi ; LONGHURST, Kerry — Amidst an
ambition-reality gap: the UN’s Women, Peace and Security
Agenda. International Spectator 58(1), 2023 : 75-91.
Since 2000, the United Nations’ Women, Peace and Security (WPS)
Agenda has addressed the causes and consequences of sexual violence
towards women in conflict scenarios. After two decades of effort, an am-
bition-reality gap persists. Uneven commitments from UN member states,
ongoing instances of conflict-related sexual violence around the globe and
the lack of a critical mass of female participants in peace negotiations,
security policy and politics in general, suggest that WPS has had limited
effects. Despite its under-achievements, WPS objectives remain relevant,
especially considering the amplifying effects that the Covid-19 pandemic
and its fallout have had for gender inequality and conflict. [R] [See Abstr.
73.5201]
73.5178 ANGHEL, Veronica ; JONES, Erik — Is Europe really forged
through crisis? Pandemic EU and the Russia-Ukraine war.
Journal of European Public Policy 30(4), 2023 : 766-786.
The EU's response to the COVID-19 pandemic revealed changes and
continuity in the structure and the functioning of the European project. In
lieu of a conclusion to the Special Issue, this article discusses what those
lessons tell us about how Europe responds to the following crisis. We com-
pare European responses to the pandemic to those that followed the Rus-
sian invasion of Ukraine. We observe more differences than similarities.
The same actors do not always play the central role, solidarity among Eu-
ropeans is sometimes more challenging to engineer, and the requirements
to make the overall project more resilient can point in different directions.
[R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5224]
73.5179 ARAL, Berdal — Turkey’s voting preferences in the UN
General Assembly during the AK party era as a counter-
challenge to its “new” foreign policy. Journal of Balkan and
Near Eastern Studies 25(3), 2023 : 399-439.
This article traces the Turkish voting preferences in the UN General As-
sembly during the AK Party era between 2002 and 2020. It [examines]
whether there is a congruence between Turkey’s critical view of interna-
tional society as epitomized by Tayyip Erdogan’s motto, 'The World is Big-
ger Than Five', and the way Turkish representatives voted during the same
period in the UN General Assembly on questions such as nuclear disarma-
ment, self-determination, search for a new international order, and human
rights. Based on primary materials, this paper concludes that there exists
an undisputable contradiction between Turkey’s anti-establishment pos-
ture and behavioural attitude towards the outside world since 2002 on the
one hand and its voting orientation in the UN General Assembly on the
other. [R, abr.]
73.5180 ARTER, David — From Finlandisation and post-Finlandisa-
tion to the end of Finlandisation? Finland’s road to a
NATO application. European Security 32(2), 2023 : 171-189.
Putin’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 triggered a pro-
cess that saw Finland abandon its traditional policy of military non-align-
ment and, together with Sweden, submit an application for NATO mem-
bership. Finland’s history of Finlandisation came up routinely in the parlia-
mentary debates on a NATO application and there was a broad consensus
that NATO membership would mark the end of Finlandised Finland. Ac-
cordingly, this article has a dual aim. First, it seeks to chart the main lines
of post-war Finnish foreign and security policy since the late 1960s using
Finlandisation and post-Finlandisation as the organising concepts. Sec-
ond, it explores why, ultimately, Finland applied for NATO membership in
May 2022. [R, abr.]
73.5181 BJARNESEN, Mariam — Hybrid security governance in Li-
beria in the aftermath of UN intervention. Conflict Security
and Development 23(1), 2023 : 1-22.
What can we expect in terms of security governance in targeted states as
international peacebuilding interventions and security sector reform ends?
Can we assume that years of reform and capacity building will result in
formal security institutions whose function alone can explain stability or
instability, sustainable peace or relapses into violence, or even war? In
2018, the United Nations ended its peacekeeping mission in Liberia. Cel-
ebrated as a success and role m odel for future undertakings, scrutinising
the UN narrative may appear as a natural starting point for analysing Libe-
ria’s relative stability. Yet, in the Liberian case, formal performance reviews
will never be sufficient. This paper, with a conceptual point of departure in
theories of hybrid security governance, recognises the continued entan-
gled nature of formal and informal security provision in Liberia. It argues
that post-intervention narratives of success should not keep us from as-
sessing security beyond formal state capacity. Instead, holistic ap-
proaches are key to understand security governance as non-state security
providers are, for better or worse, likely to remain relevant despite years of
reform and capacity building. [R]
73.5182 BLAUBERGER, Michael ; GRABBE, Christina ; RIPOLL SER-
VENT, Ariadna — EU free movement of people: fully recov-
ered or suffering from long COVID? Journal of European
Public Policy 30(4), 2023 : 696-720.
The free movement of people (FMP) was one of the first victims of the
COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. Calls for better coordination often re-
mained unheard in the initial phase of hectic border closures and mostly
resulted in soft EU recommendations. Nevertheless, most restrictions on
the FMP were lifted after summer 2020 and could be largely avoided in
later waves of the pandemic. We argue that the resilience of the FMP, a
fundamental principle of the EU, ultimately depends on policies — borders,
welfare, and health — that are still national competence and partly imple-
mented at the regional level. We explain the resilience of the FMP and the
observed variation between different border regions by the strength of pre-
existing coordinative transgovernmental networks. Our analysis is based
on a comparative case study of different German border regions and draws
on quantitative data concerning cross-border workers and qualitative inter-
views with policy-makers and stakeholders. [R] [See Abstr. 73.5224]
73.5183 BOHOSLAVSKY, Juan Pablo ; CANTAMUTTO, Francisco —
Not even with a pandemic: the IMF, human rights, and ra-
tional choices under power relations. Human Rights Quar-
terly 44(4), Nov. 2022 : 759-783.
Since the 1970s, neoliberalism has implied a deep reconfiguration of na-
tional economies and a significant increase in inequalities. The IMF, which
considers itself above human rights, has been a central institutional vehicle
in this change through its credits and conditionalities that regularly trans-
late into violations of the human rights of debtor states’ populations. Ne-
oliberalism entertains a hegemonic notion of human rights that proposes a
vision of them based on the — alleged — defense of civil and political rights
— that focuses on the individuals and distrust of the state — to the detri-
ment of economic and social rights — where the relational aspect is es-
sential, and the state assumes positive obligations. This article discusses
this minimalis t and defeatist interpretation of human rights, highlighting
their transformative potential in the fields of finance and economics. [R,
abr.]
73.5184 BOIN, Arjen ; RHINARD, Mark — Crisis management perfor-
mance and the European Union: the case of COVID-19.
Journal of European Public Policy 30(4), 2023 : 655-675.
A seemingly continuous stream of crises in Europe has turned scholarly
agendas towards assessment of the EU's management of crises. Those
assessments vary w idely, depending on the analytical focus and criteria
used. This paper introduces three assessment criteria drawn from crisis
research that pertain to the detection of a crisis, the mobilization of neces-
sary resources, and the nature of the public debate about critical choices
made in times of crisis. We relate these crisis management insights to
long-standing debates in European integration theory to help link tradi-
tional crisis management assessments with EU-focused theorizing. The
article offers a framework for assessment of the EU's performance as a
crisis manager. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5224]
73.5185 BOUSIOU, Alexandra — Peripheralisation and externalisa-
tion of the EU asylum regime: implications for the right to
seek asylum on the Southeastern EU border islands. Jour-
nal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48(19), 2022 : 4586-4602.
Relations internationales
607
Since the increase of refugee arrivals in 2015, the longstanding trend of
using islands to confine asylum seekers at the EU borders became a
prominent aspect of asylum governance. By looking at the southeastern
border of the EU, as it has been constructed around the five Greek islands
that host the EU’s hotspot approach, I demonstrate the implications of the
European governance of asylum on the individual right to seek asylum. In
doing so, I argue that there is a newly introduced process of peripherali-
sation of asylum. Under the term peripheralisation I describe the multidi-
mensional process of demotion or downgrading of a socio-spatial unit
about other socio-spatial units, i.e. the Greek mainland and the northern
EU member states. [R, abr.]
73.5186 BROOKS, Eleanor, et al. — EU health policy in the after-
math of COVID-19: neofunctionalism and crisis-driven in-
tegration. Journal of European Public Policy 30(4), 2023 :
721-739.
In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic shook the EU. The EU responded
to the multifaceted challenge with an integrative leap forward. Member
States substantially increased their investment in existing health policy
tools such as civil protection and financing for health initiatives. There was
innovation in EU law, where a process of redefining public health began,
and in strategies for vaccines and pharmaceuticals, where the EU took on
a direct and significant role in medicines procurement for the first time. We
use the framework of neofunctionalism to analyse developments in health
policy during the pandemic to further understand the dynamics of integra-
tion and, in particular, to understand why EU Member States opted for
further integration in response to the pandemic. As neofunctionalism might
predict, Member States solved problems born of integration with more in-
tegration: preserving the internal market, insuring against disasters, pre-
venting border closures and enhancing EU power in vaccine development
and procurement. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5224]
73.5187 BROSIG, Malte ; LECKI, Markus — The African Three (A3)
at the UN Security Council: translating agency into influ-
ence? Politikon (South African Journal of Political Studies)
49(3), 2022 : 254-273.
African positions in multilateral organisations have become more pro-
nounced in recent years. An emerging body of literature on African agency
indicates a visible increase in coordinating African interests at international
level. This article interrogates to which degree African agency has materi-
alised at the UN Security Council (UNSC) and whether this has led to
greater influence in the highest decision-making body of the UN? We ex-
plore UNSC resolution voting patterns over a period of 22 years (2000-
2021). This is the first time an extensive analysis of A3 voting at the UNSC
has been conducted. We find that although there are qualitative signs of
improved coordination, this has only partially resulted in a measurable in-
crease in direct influence. The article connotes an agency influence gap.
African countries do not effectively transfer their new-found agency into
greater influence. [R, abr.]
73.5188 BUTI, Marco ; FABBRINI, Sergio — Next generation EU and
the future of economic governance: towards a paradigm
change or just a big one-off? Journal of European Public
Policy 30(4), 2023 : 676-695.
Next Generation EU (NGEU), the new temporary program (2021-2026)
decided by the European Union (EU) to deal with the economic conse-
quences of the COVID-19 pandemic, represents a substantial break with
respect to previous EU responses to economic crises. After identifying the
discontinuity introduced by the NGEU compared to the governance re-
sponse to the sovereign debt crisis of the early 2010s, the paper investi-
gates the conditions under which a new paradigm of economic govern-
ance would emerge and not remain simply a major one-off, when the EU
should deal with an exogenous shock. Those conditions are conceptual-
ised in terms of three trilemmas. The possibility of the NGEU becoming
the harbinger of a new paradigm of economic governance will depend on
the solutions of those trilemmas – favouring the EU supranational institu-
tions, promoting a new policy mix in fiscal policy, and implementing na-
tional reforms coherent with the EU’s aims notwithstanding national elec-
toral cycles. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5224]
73.5189 CABALLERO-ANTHONY, Mely ; EMMERS, Ralf — Keeping
the peace in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the quest for
positive peace. Pacific Review 35(6), 2022 : 1079-1104.
Southeast Asia has gone through a remarkable transformation in recent
decades and seen peaceful change since the end of the Cold War era
despite great power interference and rivalry and ongoing territorial dis-
putes including the South China Sea conflict. The region has transformed
its image from the so-called Balkans of the East in the 1960s and 1970s
to an economically competitive and peaceful region today. Despite these
accomplishments, the record of the Association of Southeast Asian Na-
tions (ASEAN) in maintaining regional peace and security has also been
seriously challenged, particularly at the domestic and transnational level.
The paper argues that the Southeast Asian experience of peaceful change
calls for a different framework of analysis that goes beyond the traditional
International Relations theories which do not provide a compelling answer
to whether regional peace has prevailed. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.5589]
73.5190 CAŁKA, Edyta ; GRATKOWSKA-ŻMUDA, Dominika — Proce-
dural aspects of the usage of local water resources in con-
nection with the marketing of natural mineral waters and
spring waters: comments on the provisions of the EU law
and Polish law. Lex Localis (Journal of Local Self Govern-
ment) 21(1), Jan. 2023 : 187-211.
According to EU law, proper water management is to ensure enduring and
sustainable development taking into account the economic use of water
resources and the availability of water in adequate quality an d quantity.
Within the framework of proper water management in the EU Member
States, the use of local water resources for economic purposes involves
state intervention in the form of granting of a permit (water-law permit or
licence) for the exploitation of water intakes located in a given geographical
area. However, obtaining such a permit does not entitle the undertaking to
market the extracted waters as natural mineral waters or spring waters. To
be able to use groundwater in bottling industry, national authorities must
assess and classify the water. Of crucial importance are full water tests,
which include the analysis of organoleptic, chemical and physico-chemical
properties and microbiological examination of the water. [R, abr.]
73.5191 CARRARO, Valentina — The more the better? The comple-
mentarity of United Nations institutions in the fight against
torture. Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 40(4), Dec.
2022 : 354-378.
When the United Nations Universal Periodic Review was established in
2007, it was stressed that it should complement the work of the United
Nations treaty bodies. At the same time, fears were expressed that simi-
larities between the two procedures might lead to potentially problematic
duplications or contradictions among them. To shed light on whether this
is the case, this article devises a framework to assess the degree to which
human rights bodies provide duplicating or contradicting recommendations
to States. Focusing on the case of torture, it creates an original database
of recommendations delivered to 14 countries in the years 2012–2016.
Results show that duplications are frequent and provide opportunities to
States to use the Universal Periodic Review to contest the implementation
of treaty bodies’ recommendations. [R, abr.]
73.5192 DAY, Adam ; HUNT, Charles T. — A perturbed peace: apply-
ing complexity theory to UN peacekeeping. International
Peacekeeping 30(1), 2023 : 1-23.
This article explores the application of complexity theory to UN peacekeep-
ing. To date, peacekeeping has been dominated by linear models of
change, assuming that conflict settings can be addressed by elite-driven
peace processes, gradual improvements to state institutional capacity, and
development programming. However, this article argues that complexity
theory offers a far more accurate and useful lens through which to view the
work of peacekeeping: conflict settings represent complex, interdependent
socio-political systems with emergent qualities giving them the capacity to
self-organize via feedback loops and other adaptive activity. Self-organi-
zation means such systems are highly resistant to attempts to change be-
haviour via top-down or input-output approaches. In fact, peacekeeping
itself is endogenous to the systems it is trying to change, often displaying
the same kinds of self-organization typical of complex systems elsewhere.
[R, abr.]
73.5193 DITRYCH, Ondrej ; KUCERA, Tomas — Defence coopera-
tion and change: how defence industry integration fos-
tered development of the European security community.
Cooperation and Conflict 58(1), March 2023 : 129-152.
This article situates recent initiatives to deepen security and defence co-
operation in the EU in the historical perspective. It proposes a model of
constitutive relationship between the process of change in a security com-
munity and the formation of a transnational defence industry community of
practice which yields positive feedback (‘productive returns’) to the security
community as a broader assemblage within which it was constituted. This
model is applied to the paradigmatic case of European security community
that formed after the World War II (WWII). The analysis shows that the key
driver for defence integration traced by means of social network analysis
(SNA) in this case was economic rather than political, and for an extended
period of time it developed without formal institutions. [R, abr.]
73.5194 DONNELLY, Shawn — Post-Brexit financial services in the
EU. Journal of European Public Policy 30(5), 2023 : 787-806.
This paper uses a modified battle of the systems approach and to explain
the extent and location of financial services migration from London to the
EU. It shows that the European Central Bank and European Commission
pressured UK-based financial services to migrate to the EU by 2022, that
companies migrated to EU cities most suited to their business models, with
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