VI International Relations / Relations Internationales
| Published date | 01 October 2023 |
| DOI | http://doi.org/10.1177/00208345231209562 |
| Date | 01 October 2023 |
772
VI
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES
(a) International law, organization and administration/Droit international, organisation et administration in ternationales
73.6579 ACHILLEOS-SARLL, Columba — The (dis-)appearance of
race in the United Kingdom’s institutionalization and im-
plementation of the Women, Peace and Security agenda.
International Studies Quarterly 67(1), March 2023 : online.
In contrast to earlier, more celebratory accounts, more recent scholarship
on the UN Security Council's Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda
reveals the racial-colonial logics deeply woven into the very fabric of the
agenda that contribute to reproducing hierarchies, inequalities, and exclu-
sions. Building on this body of literature, this article investigates in more
detail how race shapes the UK's engagement with and institutionalization
of the WPS agenda, reinforcing particular domestic identities. Drawing
from a rich body of new empirical material, including documentary sources
and interview data, the analysis excavates four interlinked racial-colonial
practices: (1) the erasure of Britain's imperial and colonial history; (2) the
production of new geographies of empire; (3) the construction of cultural
inferiority of the “other”; a nd (4) nation-branding efforts that construct the
UK as the repository of leadership and expertise. [R, abr.]
73.6580 ADEBAJO, Adekeye — blue berets, burning brushfires: the
history, successes, and failures of UN peacekeeping.
Global Governance 29(2), June 2023 : 136-151.
This article makes three important arguments. The first is that one of the
most crucial factors in explaining the various outcomes of UN peacekeep-
ing cases over the past seventy-five years can be found in the role of con-
tingencies: the idiosyncratic circumstances that have combined to enable
success or failure. The second is that these peacekeeping missions criti-
cally demonstrate the importance of focusing attention on the significant
role of key domestic, regional, and external actors. Th e third is that con-
tingencies at these three important levels, rather than any established se-
curity patterns or theories, are often the most critical factors in explaining
the outcomes of UNpeacekeeping missions over the past seven and a half
decades. The choices of national and regional actors as well as external
great powers often shape how these missions start, develop, and end. Ex-
amining interests and motivations in detail thus helps explain how and why
UN peacekeeping missions have succeeded or failed. [R] [See Abstr.
73.6607]
73.6581 ALAGNA, Federico — So much promise, so little delivery:
evidence-based policy-making in the EU approach to mi-
grant smuggling. Journal of European Integration 45(2),
2023 : 309-325.
The 2020 New Pact on Migration and Asylum confirmed the continuity of
the EU and its Member States’ largely repressive approach to migrant
smuggling. Over the last few years, evidence -based inputs coming from
the local level — and particularly from actors responsible for the imple-
mentation of anti-smuggling measures — have led to the assessment and
review of the related EU penal framework. Yet, notwithstanding the emer-
gence of several critical elements, calling for a re-definition of such frame-
work — such as migrants accused of being smugglers and the criminali-
sation of humanitarian actors —, policy outputs have not altered the exist-
ing legislation. By disclosing the interactions between policy-makers, in a
bottom-up perspective, this article explores the role of evidence in the
(failed) reform of the EU framework, with a view to contributing to a ne w
institutionalist understanding of the EU politics of evidence-based migra-
tion policy-making. [R]
73.6582 AMTENBRINK, Fabian — The (potential) contribution of the
European Union’s fiscal architecture to financial stability.
Journal of European Integration 45(1), 2023 : 203-221.
Based on a discussion of main channels through which fiscal stability can
contribute to financial stability, the current legal governance framework of
the euro area and the experience gained in its application are assessed
with the aim to offer an answer to the question alluded to in the title, namely
whether the EU’s fiscal architecture, namely the current EMU legal frame-
work on economic policy coordination, provides a meaningful contribution
to financial stability. Moreover, the potential of this framework to accom-
modate future measures to enhance fiscal stability is briefly assessed. [R]
[See Abstr. 73.6623]
73.6583 ANGHEL, Veronica ; DŽANKIĆ, Jelena — Wartime EU: con-
sequences of the Russia-Ukraine war on the enlargement
process. Journal of European Integration 45(3), 2023 : 487-
501.
The EU revived the enlargement process in response to the Russia-
Ukraine war. That reaction compares to how the EU utilized this process
following the wars in the Balkans in the 1990s. In this paper, we argue that
on neither occasion was the inclusion of more states within EU borders a
preferred EU working agenda. Instead, the EU used enlargement as a sta-
bilization and security-building mechanism without guaranteeing member-
ship as the end state. This observation has implications for the future of
the enlargement process. We argue that the outcome of the previous
rounds of enlargement was reactive and context-driven. Absent those
same contextual factors, and although the EU reacts to the Russia-Ukraine
war in a familiar sequence of incomplete decision-making, the outcome of
this wartime enlargement negotiation process points in a different direc-
tion. [R] [See Abstr. 73.6654]
73.6584 BA, Alice D. — Diversification's legitimation challenges:
ASEAN and its Myanmar predicament. International Affairs
99(3), May 2023 : 1063-1085.
International organizations (IOs) confront complex legitimation challenges
with the diversification of audiences and actors asserting judgment and
input. Drawing on Lenz and Söderbaum's agents-audience-environment
(AAE) conceptualization of legitimation strategies, this discussion ad-
vances understandings of how diversification affects IO legitimation and
legitimation strategies. Particular attention is given to their special sensi-
tivity to internal IO diversification processes whose constitutive changes
affect both the agent and audience ends of strategy. It especially highlights
three commonly found sources of internal IO diversification: domestic
change, new membership and new purposes. Providing illustration is
ASEAN and its 30+ year-long efforts to defend and legitimate the organi-
zation's choices vis-à-vis its most internationally criticized member, Myan-
mar, and to manage the delegitimating effects of association. [R, abr.] [See
Abstr. 73.6641]
73.6585 BAKAKI, Zorzeta ; BÖHMELT, Tobias — New deals "the sec-
ond after leaving?" IO withdrawal and bilateral trade
agreements. British Journal of Politics and International Rela-
tions 25(3), Aug. 2023 : 405-422.
The Brexit campaign was based on the idea that newly gained British sov-
ereignty and flexibility in global trade governance would facilitate the quick
negotiation of preferential trade agreements. We explore how long it may
take for a state to negotiate bilateral preferential trade agreements to offset
potential losses from International Organizations withdrawals. We address
the question of ‘timing’, and discuss several mechanisms that delay or
speed up the implementation of bilateral trade deals after exiting Interna-
tional Organizations. The empirical findings are based on quantitative data
and models accounting for the likely simultaneous relationship between
International Organizations exits and preferential trade agreements’ for-
mation. We show that leaving economic organisations significantly lowers
the likelihood of subsequent preferential trade agreements ratification.
This effect wears out after about 1 year. [R, abr.]
73.6586 BEAUDOIN, Simon ; SIMARD, Philippe ; CHALOUX, Annie —
La 27e Conférence des Parties de la Convention-cadre des
Nations unies sur les changements climatiques: un bilan
critique (The 27th Conference of the Parties to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: a crit-
ical assessment). Canadian Journal of Political Science
56(2), June 2023 : 474-482.
Climate change is a central issue in global environmental governance.
Given the scale of the challenges, the most recent Conference of the Par-
ties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), COP 27, was faced with high expectations. This short
article provides a critical assessment of COP 27. It offers an overview of
the results of this COP by examining four main components–namely, miti-
gation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, increased climate finance,
adaptation to climate change, and loss and damage. It provides a snapshot
Relations internationales
773
of the outcomes of COP-27 in relation to the expectations that were previ-
ously set by stakeholders. The article concludes with a prospective analy-
sis of the main issues to be followed up by COP 28 and beyond. It thus
provides an update on the most recent developments, sheds light on future
progress, and contributes to discussions on global climate governance.
[R]
73.6587 BODE, Ingvild ; HUELSS, Hendrik — Constructing exper-
tise: the front- and back-door regulation of AI’s military
applications in the European Union. Journal of European
Public Policy 30(7), 2023 : 1230-1254.
The regulation of military applications of artificial intelligence (AI) is a grow-
ing concern. The article investigates how the EU as a multi-level system
aims at regulating military AI based on epistemic authority. It suggests that
the EU acts as a rule-maker and a rule-taker of military AI predicated on
constructing private, corporate actors as experts. As a rule-maker, the EU
has set up expert panels such as the Global Tech Panel to inform its initi-
atives, thereby inviting corporate actors to become part of its decision-
making process through the front-door. But the EU is also a rule-taker in
that its approach to regulating on military AI is shaped through the back-
door by how corporate actors design AI technologies. These observations
signal an emerging hybrid regulatory security state based on ‘liquid’ forms
of epistemic authority that empowers corporate actors but also denotes a
complex mix of formal political and informal expert authority. [R] [See Ab-
str. 73.6943]
73.6588 BOŽINA BEROŠ, Marta — Developing Banking Union’s
common supervisory culture: a look into the “black box”
of joint supervisory teams. Journal of European Integration
45(1), 2023 : 103-120.
The accomplishment of the Banking Union’s common supervisory culture
or the implementation of consistent supervisory practices and standards
across participating Member States, critically depends on the cooperation
of national competent authorities throughout the supervisory process,
which takes place primarily in Joint Supervisory Teams (JSTs). Because
of their mixed, multilevel composition, JSTs allow the cross-comparison of
varying national supervisory approaches and facilitate the identification of
best practices as building blocks of a shared supervisory outlook on pru-
dential concerns. This paper unpacks the ‘black box’ of JSTs through the
lens of experimentalist governance and with a qualitative examination of
data from various sources, including semi-structured interviews with JST-
participants. It reveals the importance of NC As in JSTs experimentalist
practice as well as of soft governance tools in fostering a sense of com-
munity and highlights specific operational challenges in close cooperation
that limit the reach of the common supervisory culture beyond the euro
area. [R] [See Abstr. 73.6623]
73.6589 BREMBERG, Niklas — The OSCE and climate security: dip-
lomatic practice in a changing geopolitical context. Inter-
national Affairs 99(3), May 2023 : 1149-1165.
This article analyses the role of the OSCE in the field of climate security.
In 2021, the OSCE unanimously adopted a ministerial decision on climate
change despite rising geopolitical tensions between Russia and the US.
Why and how was this possible? The article draws on a unique set of qual-
itative data collected from interviews with diplomats and officials con-
ducted during Sweden's OSCE chairpersonship. The analytical framework
draws on the concept of communities of practice to analyse how Swedish
and like-minded diplomats built on the OSCE's approach to security to in-
formally expand the domain of knowledge on climate-related security risks
in the organization. The article suggests that the current political impasse
in the OSCE does not necessarily mean that initiatives advanced by
groups of like-minded states, in collaboration with the OSCE secretariat,
need to be paralyzed. [R, abr.] [See Abstr. 73.6641]
73.6590 BRENDLER, Viktoria — Die mitgliedstaatliche Umsetzung
von EU-Recht — konzeptionelle und methodische Per-
spektiven auf einen vielschichtigen Forschungsgegen-
stand (Member state implementation of EU law — Concep-
tual and methodological perspectives on a multilayered
research subject). Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 32(4),
Dec. 2022 : 817-837.
The implementation of EU policies is addressed by several (sub-)disci-
plines of European integration research, specifically Europeanization re-
search, EU implementation research and EU compliance research. This
literature review aims to systematise existing research along the varying
disciplines’ perspectives on the topic and to promote both a conceptual
integration and differentiation in progressing the field. Furthermore, in
terms of appropriate research design, typical as well as more novel chal-
lenges are discussed and possible solutions offered, i.e. in measuring mis-
fit or defining phases and actors of implementation. [R]
73.6591 CAVELTY, Myriam Dunn ; SMEETS, Max — Regulatory
cybersecurity governance in the making: the formation of
ENISA and its struggle for epistemic authority. Journal of
European Public Policy 30(7), 2023 : 1330-1352.
Over the last decades, cybersecurity has become a top priority for the EU.
As a contribution to scholarship on the ‘regulatory security state’, we ana-
lyze how the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA), emerged
and stabilized as the EU's key agency for cybersecurity. We use data from
policy documents, secondary sources, and semi-structured interviews to
show how ENISA struggled to become a relevant actor by carving out a
specific role for itself. In particular, we show how challenging it was for the
agency to acquire epistemic authority. Although the trajectory of ENISA
supports attempts to govern through regulation, it also shows that its role
was never a given, only functions as part of a larger whole, and continues
to be subject to change. Our article indicates that the study of security gov-
ernance must remain ontologically flexible to capture hybrid forms and po-
litical struggles. [R] [See Abstr. 73.6943]
73.6592 CHATZOPOULOU, Sevasti ; ANSELL, Christopher K. — The
construction of the EU as a strategic entrepreneur: the in-
ternal-external-internal nexus. Journal of European Integra-
tion 45(2), 2023 : 275-292.
The paper investigates how the EU operates as a strategic entrepreneur
in different contexts and what enables the EU to do so. We develop a syn-
thetic and dynamic approach linking the EU’s internal characteristics with
its internal and external strategies and actions, which we envision as an
internal-external-internal cycle that advances European integration. First,
we discuss the EU’s distinctive internal governance characteristics. Sec-
ond, we demonstrate how these characteristics condition and support the
EU as a strategic entrepreneur in external affairs. Third, we investigate
how external perceptions and legitimacy can feedback to reinforce the
EU’s (re) construction of its own internal strategies. External legitimacy
pushes the EU to ascertain appropriate and accepted behaviour and
strengthen institutional and policy integration, expanding the EU’s compe-
tences over more policy areas. [R]
73.6593 CHAUDOIN, Stephen — How international organizations
change national media coverage of human rights. Interna-
tional Organization 77(1), Winter 2023 : 238-261.
The World Bank, under the stewardship of the United States, stands out
as the global leader among international development organizations. Does
China's establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
undermine this status? Examining this question, we focus on the borrowing
practices of a special set of countries: the founding members of the AIIB.
These founders openly defied the public preference of the United States,
arguably to create a potential rival to the World Bank. Using a new causal
inference method, Pang, Liu, and Xu's Dynamic Multilevel Latent Factor
Model — as well as several well-known estimation models as robustness
checks — we document at least a temporary decrease in the number of
World Bank infrastructure projects that the developing AIIB founders have
entered into. This study presents the first systematic evidence that China's
AIIB could unsettle the political influence the United States has enjoyed
over developing countries through its leadership of the World Bank. [R,
abr.]
73.6594 CHLETSOS, Michael ; SINTOS, Andreas — The effects of
IMF conditional programs on the unemployment rate. Eu-
ropean Journal of Political Economy 76, Jan. 2023 : 102272.
Although there is a consensus that IMF-supported programs can have a
direct effect on the labor market of recipient countries, it remains unclear
how IMF participation decision and conditionalities attached to IMF loans
can affect the unemployment rate of borrowing countries. Using a world
sample of countries from 1980 to 2014, we investigate how lending condi-
tional programs of the IMF affect th e unemployment rate. Our analyses
account for the selection bias related to, first, the IMF participation decision
and, second, the conditions included within the program. We show that
IMF program participation significantly increases the unemployment rate
of recipient countries. Once we control for the number of conditions, how-
ever, we find that only IMF conditions have a detrimental and highly signif-
icant effect on the unemployment rate. [R, abr.]
73.6595 CHOW, Wilfred M. ; HAN, Enze — Descriptive legitimacy
and international organizations: evidence from United Na-
tions High Commissione r for Refugees. Journal of Politics
85(2), Apr. 2023 : 357-371.
Despite the growing importance of race and gender on legitimacy in do-
mestic settings, few studies have investigated this issue among interna-
tional organizations. We examine this relationship through a survey exper-
iment of American citizens’ response to an investigation of US refugee pol-
icy by a fact-finding team sponsored by the UN High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR) in the aftermath of the 2018 Central American refugee
crisis along the Mexico-US border. Overall, we find that UNHCR investiga-
tion panel composition that has a racial and gender balance is generally
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